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[论文解读] Measuring Female Representation and Impact in Films over Time

Luoying Yang, Zhou Xu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 10, 2020
Media, Gender, and Advertising参考文献 10被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究提出以女性演员占比作为衡量电影中女性代表性的更准确指标,而非贝丘尔德测试(Bechdel Test),并运用回归与随机森林模型分析其对电影成功的影响。研究发现,女性代表性的提升与更好的票房表现相关,但即便在观众需求明确的情况下,低预算和对女性主导电影的批评等系统性障碍依然存在。

ABSTRACT

Women have always been underrepresented in movies and not until recently has the representation of women in movies improved. To investigate the improvement of female representation and its relationship with a movie's success, we propose a new measure, the female cast ratio, and compare it to the commonly used Bechdel test result. We employ generalized linear regression with $L_1$ penalty and a Random Forest model to identify the predictors that influence female representation, and evaluate the relationship between female representation and a movie's success in three aspects: revenue/budget ratio, rating, and popularity. Three important findings in our study have highlighted the difficulties women in the film industry face both upstream and downstream. First, female filmmakers, especially female screenplay writers, are instrumental for movies to have better female representation, but the percentage of female filmmakers has been very low. Second, movies that have the potential to tell insightful stories about women are often provided with lower budgets, and this usually causes the films to in turn receive more criticism. Finally, the demand for better female representation from moviegoers has also not been strong enough to compel the film industry to change, as movies that have poor female representation can still be very popular and successful in the box office.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种比贝丘尔德测试更准确的电影中女性代表性衡量方法。
  • 探究影响电影制作过程中女性代表性水平的因素。
  • 评估女性代表性提升是否与电影商业成功程度提高相关。
  • 考察电影领域性别平等的上游(制作)与下游(观众)障碍。

提出的方法

  • 提出女性演员占比作为新指标:电影总演员中女性演员所占的百分比。
  • 采用带L1惩罚的广义线性回归模型,识别女性代表性水平的关键预测因子。
  • 使用随机森林模型评估特征重要性并预测女性代表性水平。
  • 从三个维度分析电影成功程度:票房收入与预算之比、观众评分与人气指数。
  • 整合电影制作数据(如工作人员性别、预算、类型)与内容分析中的代表性数据。
  • 对类型、预算和上映年份等混杂变量进行调整,以隔离性别代表性对结果的影响。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1电影制作过程中,哪些因素显著影响电影中女性代表性的水平?
  • RQ2女性演员占比相较于贝丘尔德测试,在预测电影成功方面表现如何?
  • RQ3女性代表性提升是否导致更高的票房收入、更好的评分或更高的受欢迎程度?
  • RQ4哪些系统性障碍阻碍了具有强女性代表性的电影实现商业成功?
  • RQ5观众需求与行业实践如何相互作用,从而维持电影领域中的性别不平等?

主要发现

  • 女性导演,尤其是女性编剧,在提升女性代表性方面至关重要,但她们在电影制作团队中的占比依然极低。
  • 那些具备讲述关于女性深刻故事潜力的电影,往往被分配到较低预算,这与更高的批评关注度相关。
  • 尽管代表性有所改善,但女性代表性较差的电影依然可能取得高票房成功,表明市场对性别平等的需求仍较微弱。
  • 女性演员占比在预测电影成功方面优于贝丘尔德测试,表明其作为代表性衡量指标更具稳健性。
  • 恐怖片与爱情片通常女性角色更多,但这更多反映的是物化与刻板印象,如女性受害者或被动形象,而非真正的赋权。
  • 即使在女性主导的电影中,如迪士尼公主系列,男性角色通常拥有更多对白与叙事主导权,凸显了在话语权与行动力方面持续存在的不平衡。

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