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[论文解读] Microlensing variability in the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 = the Einstein Cross, I. Spectrophotometric monitoring with the VLT

A. Eigenbrod, F. Courbin|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 18, 2007
Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing被引用 32
一句话总结

本研究利用VLT/FORS1对引力透镜类星体QSO 2237+0305(爱因斯坦十字)进行了首次长达2.2年的光谱监测,实现了类星体像谱与透镜星系光谱的精确分离,并通过同时观测的非变星实现精确通量定标。主要发现包括:图像A和B在蓝端连续谱和宽发射线区域表现出强烈的微透镜效应变异性,与紧凑吸积盘及分层结构的宽线区微透镜效应一致,其中高电离态线比低电离态线具有更高的放大率。

ABSTRACT

We present the results of the first long-term (2.2 years) spectroscopic monitoring of a gravitationally lensed quasar, namely the Einstein Cross Q2237+0305. The goal of this paper is to present the observational facts to be compared in follow-up papers with theoretical models to constrain the inner structure of the source quasar. We spatially deconvolve deep VLT/FORS1 spectra to accurately separate the spectrum of the lensing galaxy from the spectra of the quasar images. Accurate cross-calibration of the 58 observations at 31-epoch from October 2004 to December 2006 is carried out with non-variable foreground stars observed simultaneously with the quasar. The quasar spectra are further decomposed into a continuum component and several broad emission lines to infer the variations of these spectral components. We find prominent microlensing events in the quasar images A and B, while images C and D are almost quiescent on a timescale of a few months. The strongest variations are observed in the continuum of image A. Their amplitude is larger in the blue (0.7 mag) than in the red (0.5 mag), consistent with microlensing of an accretion disk. Variations in the intensity and profile of the broad emission lines are also reported, most prominently in the wings of the CIII] and center of the CIV emission lines. During a strong microlensing episode observed in June 2006 in quasar image A, the broad component of the CIII] is more highly magnified than the narrow component. In addition, the emission lines with higher ionization potentials are more magnified than the lines with lower ionization potentials, consistent with the results obtained with reverberation mapping. Finally, we find that the V-band differential extinction by the lens, between the quasar images, is in the range 0.1-0.3 mag.

研究动机与目标

  • 对一个引力透镜类星体开展首次长期、高时间采样率的光谱测光监测,以研究其光谱组分中的微透镜效应变异性。
  • 利用空间去卷积技术将四张类星体像的光谱与透镜星系的光分离。
  • 通过同时观测的前景非变星实现通量测量的精确交叉定标。
  • 将类星体光谱分解为连续谱与宽发射线组分,以独立追踪其变异性。
  • 为未来旨在模拟类星体内部结构与透镜系统结构的射线追踪模拟提供观测约束。

提出的方法

  • 利用VLT/FORS1在2.2年内进行深度光谱观测,平均时间采样间隔为每14天一次。
  • 对光谱执行空间去卷积,以分离类星体像的流量贡献与透镜星系核球的光。
  • 利用同时观测的非变星进行通量定标,以校正仪器与大气引起的系统变化。
  • 将类星体光谱分解为幂律连续谱与宽发射线(如C III]、C IV、Mg II)组分,以分析其独立变异性。
  • 测量不同类星像之间通量的差异放大率,以推断不同光谱组分的微透镜效应。
  • 将观测到的通量比与中红外测量结果对比,以探测超出观测基线的长期微透镜效应。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1类星体QSO 2237+0305的连续谱与宽发射线在时间上如何因微透镜效应而变化?
  • RQ2在微透镜事件期间,不同光谱组分(如C III]宽组分与窄组分)的相对放大率如何?
  • RQ3高电离态发射线是否比低电离态线受到更强的放大?这对我们理解宽线区结构有何启示?
  • RQ4由于透镜星系中的尘埃,类星体像之间存在多大的差异性消光?
  • RQ5长期微透镜效应在多大程度上影响图像A与C的通量比?其与短期事件相比有何不同?

主要发现

  • 在HJD ~3900天左右,图像A出现强烈的微透镜增亮事件,蓝端连续谱增亮0.7 mag,红端连续谱增亮0.5 mag,与紧凑吸积盘的微透镜效应一致。
  • 图像A中C III]发射线的宽组分相对于其窄组分被放大了1.8倍,表明其对微透镜效应的响应存在差异。
  • 高电离态线(如C IV和C III])的放大率高于低电离态线(如Mg II),支持宽线区具有分层结构的模型。
  • 在HJD ~3900天的增亮事件期间,图像A的C III]线轮廓展宽,且在多个历元中图像C也观测到类似展宽,表明存在空间分辨的微透镜效应。
  • 由于透镜星系中尘埃导致的图像间差异性消光估计为0.1–0.3 mag,其中图像C和D最红化,但不足以解释长期通量比的变化。
  • 图像C和D在短 timescale 内表现出微弱的微透镜变异性,而图像A和B则表现出强烈变异性,表明微透镜效应在镜像中并非均匀分布。

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