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[论文解读] Multi-Scale Dynamics of the Interaction Between Waves and Mean Flows: From Nonlinear WKB Theory to Gravity-Wave Parameterizations in Weather and Climate Models

Ulrich Achatz, Young‐Ha Kim|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 11, 2023
Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出了一种基于非线性WKB的多尺度理论,用于描述波-平均流相互作用,通过捕捉大振幅波动力学和谱特性,避免焦散不稳定性,从而在气象和气候模型中实现更真实的重力波参数化。该方法在保持计算效率的同时,相比全分辨率重力波模拟,显著提升了模型的真实性。

ABSTRACT

The interaction between small-scale waves and a larger-scale flow can be described by a multi-scale theory that forms the basis for a new class of parameterizations of subgrid-scale gravity waves (GW) in weather and climate models. The development of this theory is reviewed here. It applies to all interesting regimes of atmospheric stratification, i.e. also to moderately strong stratification as occurring in the middle atmosphere, and thereby extends classic assumptions for the derivation of quasi-geostrophic theory. At strong wave amplitudes a fully nonlinear theory arises that is complemented by a quasilinear theory for weak GW amplitudes. The latter allows the extension to a spectral description that forms the basis of numerical implementations that avoid instabilities due to caustics, e.g. from GW reflection. Conservation properties are discussed, for energy and potential vorticity, as well as conditions under which a GW impact on the larger-scale flow is possible. The numerical implementation of the theory for GW parameterizations in atmospheric models is described, and the consequences of the approach are discussed, as compared to classic GW parameterizations. Although more costly than the latter, it exhibits significantly enhanced realism, while being considerably more efficient than an approach where all relevant GWs are to be resolved. The reported theory and its implementation might be of interest also for the efficient and conceptually insightful description of other wave-mean interactions, including those where the formation of caustics presents a special challenge.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种波-平均流相互作用的理论框架,超越准地转和线性近似,尤其适用于中等强度和强层结条件。
  • 解决经典重力波参数化方法的局限性,这些方法通常无法捕捉非线性波动力学,且因焦散导致数值不稳定性。
  • 实现弱振幅重力波的谱表示,避免由波反射和非线性波相互作用引起的不稳定性。
  • 推导波-平均流相互作用背景下能量和位涡的守恒定律,明确波能显著改变大尺度流场的条件。
  • 将该理论整合至大气模型中,展示其在真实性和效率方面均优于经典参数化方法和全分辨率重力波模拟。

提出的方法

  • 利用小参数ε构建多尺度渐近理论,分离大尺度天气系统与波尺度动力学,其中ε代表罗斯贝数和尺度分离度。
  • 采用完全非线性的WKB方法处理大振幅、局地单色重力波,以分析波引起的静态不稳定性及波破碎现象。
  • 为弱振幅波发展拟线性理论,实现波场的谱描述,避免由焦散引起的数值不稳定性。
  • 推导波能量和位涡的守恒定律,识别波强迫显著改变平均流的条件。
  • 通过参数化方案将理论整合至数值模型中,实现波强迫的计算而不解析单个波,确保稳定性和准确性。
  • 通过已知物理情形验证该方法,并在计算成本和物理解释力方面与经典参数化方法及全分辨率重力波模拟进行比较。
Figure 1: Illustration of the Lagrangian discretization of the propagation of a phase-space volume, here in the sub-space spanned only by $m$ and $z$ . It is subdivided into small rectangular ray volumes. Each ray volume propagates with a mean velocity averaged from the phase-space velocities at the
Figure 1: Illustration of the Lagrangian discretization of the propagation of a phase-space volume, here in the sub-space spanned only by $m$ and $z$ . It is subdivided into small rectangular ray volumes. Each ray volume propagates with a mean velocity averaged from the phase-space velocities at the

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何利用非线性、多尺度理论描述在不同大气层结条件下(包括中等强度层结)小尺度重力波与大尺度平均流之间的相互作用?
  • RQ2重力波在何种条件下可显著改变大尺度流场?这些条件如何在保守且稳定的参数化中被准确捕捉?
  • RQ3如何构建弱振幅重力波的谱表示,以避免由波反射和焦散形成引起的数值不稳定性?
  • RQ4波-平均流相互作用中能量和位涡的守恒特性是什么?它们如何约束参数化方案的设计?
  • RQ5所提出的参数化方法在真实性和效率方面与经典参数化方法及全分辨率重力波模拟相比如何?

主要发现

  • 非线性WKB理论成功描述了在广泛层结范围内(包括中间大气层)的波-平均流相互作用,突破了准地转理论的局限。
  • 拟线性谱方法通过避免与焦散(如波反射引起的焦散)相关的不稳定性,实现了重力波参数化的稳定数值实现。
  • 该理论明确了重力波可对平均流施加显著作用力的条件,尤其当波振幅足够大以引发静态不稳定性时。
  • 波能量和位涡的守恒在理论框架中被严格保持,为波强迫提供了物理解释一致的框架。
  • 该参数化的数值实现相比经典方案显著更真实,同时相比全分辨率重力波模拟显著更高效。
  • 该方法具有普适性,可推广至其他波-平均流相互作用,包括涉及热带波的情形,并可能为声学、等离子体物理和广义相对论等领域中的焦散形成提供新见解。

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