[论文解读] Multi-wavelength observations of 3FGL J2039.6-5618: a candidate redback millisecond pulsar
该论文通过多波段观测将3FGL J2039.6−5618识别为候选红背毫秒脉冲星,检测到一个具有周期性调制的X射线和光学源(周期 ≈0.225 d),其光曲线呈双峰特征,X射线谱为幂律谱(ΓX = 1.36 ± 0.09)。该源的特性,包括未检测到射电辐射以及轨道调制的缺失,强烈支持其被归类为红背系统,极有可能包含一颗在紧密双星系统中与低质量伴星相互绕转的中子星。
We present multi-wavelength observations of the unassociated gamma-ray source 3FGL J2039.6-5618 detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. The source gamma-ray properties suggest that it is a pulsar, most likely a millisecond pulsar, for which neither radio nor $\gamma$-ray pulsations have been detected yet. We observed 3FGL J2039.6-5618 with XMM-Newton and discovered several candidate X-ray counterparts within/close to the gamma-ray error box. The brightest of these X-ray sources is variable with a period of 0.2245$\pm$0.0081 d. Its X-ray spectrum can be described by a power law with photon index $\Gamma_X =1.36\pm0.09$, and hydrogen column density $N_{ m H} < 4 imes 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$, which gives an unabsorbed 0.3--10 keV X-ray flux of $1.02 imes 10^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Observations with the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (GROND) discovered an optical counterpart to this X-ray source, with a time-average magnitude $g'\sim 19.5$. The counterpart features a flux modulation with a period of 0.22748$\pm$0.00043 d that coincides, within the errors, with that of the X-ray source, confirming the association based on the positional coincidence. We interpret the observed X-ray/optical periodicity as the orbital period of a close binary system where one of the two members is a neutron star. The light curve profile of the companion star, with two asymmetric peaks, suggests that the optical emission comes from two regions at different temperatures on its tidally-distorted surface. Based upon its X-ray and optical properties, we consider this source as the most likely X-ray counterpart to 3FGL J2039.6-5618, which we propose to be a new redback system.
研究动机与目标
- 确定未关联费米-LAT γ射线源3FGL J2039.6−5618的本质,该源尽管检测显著性约为~25σ,但长期未被关联。
- 在γ射线误差圆内搜索X射线和光学对应体,以约束源的本质。
- 基于多波段周期性调制和光谱特性,确定该源是否为双星毫秒脉冲星,特别是红背系统。
- 通过光学和X射线光曲线测量轨道参数,评估是否可能探测到γ射线脉动。
提出的方法
- 利用XMM-Newton进行X射线观测,以检测并表征3FGL J2039.6−5618误差圆内的X射线对应体。
- 分析X射线光曲线以识别周期性调制,采用正弦模型拟合调制以推导轨道周期。
- 利用GROND进行多波段光学测光,以探测光学对应体并测量其通量调制周期。
- 采用幂律模型拟合X射线谱,以推导光子指数(ΓX = 1.36 ± 0.09)和氢柱密度(NH < 4 × 10²⁰ cm⁻²)的上限。
- 采用双温模型拟合光学光曲线,以解释其不对称双峰轮廓,假设来自中子星的粒子风照射。
- 通过X射线与光学调制的方位一致性与周期一致性,确认X射线源与光学对应体的关联。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ13FGL J2039.6−5618是否为双星毫秒脉冲星?若是,其属于哪一类(如红背或黑 widow)?
- RQ2该系统的轨道周期是多少?是否与X射线和光学光曲线中观测到的周期性调制一致?
- RQ3不对称双峰光学光曲线的成因是什么?是否可由中子星的照射作用解释?
- RQ4未检测到可分辨射电辐射是否支持存在部分剥离的伴星,如红背系统所预期?
- RQ5X射线和光学数据能否约束该系统的距离和本征属性?
主要发现
- 在3FGL J2039.6−5618误差圆内检测到一个明亮X射线源(源3),其表现出周期为0.2245 ± 0.0081 d的周期性调制。
- X射线谱可用幂律谱良好描述,光子指数为ΓX = 1.36 ± 0.09,氢柱密度上限为NH < 4 × 10²⁰ cm⁻²,表明吸收较低,且距离可能小于1 kpc。
- 识别出一个光学对应体,其平均星等为g′ ∼19.5,表现出周期为0.22748 ± 0.00043 d的通量调制,与X射线周期在误差范围内一致。
- 光学光曲线表现出两个相位差约0.3的不对称峰,表明中子星通过粒子风照射导致加热,而非光子照射。
- 该系统的特性,包括轨道周期、双峰光曲线以及未检测到可分辨射电辐射,强烈支持其被归类为红背毫秒脉冲星。
- 该源被提议为3FGL J2039.6−5618最可能的X射线对应体,需通过光学光谱测量径向速度曲线以实现γ射线脉动折叠。
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