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[论文解读] Multi-wavelength variability of the young solar analog iota Hor. X-ray cycle, star spots, flares, and UV emission

J. Sanz‐Forcada, B. Stelzer|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 3, 2019
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 75被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究利用多波段XMM-Newton、TESS和HST观测,確認了年輕類日恆星 iota Hor 存在穩定的1.6年X射線日冕活動週期。該週期具有光球層類似的元素豐度,光度週期為8.19 ± 0.26天,而紫外與X射線變異則呈現脫鉤現象,可能由於傾角效應所致,且延伸的日冕發射對半球非均勻性不那麼敏感。

ABSTRACT

Chromospheric activity cycles are common in late-type stars; however, only a handful of coronal activity cycles have been discovered. \ihor\ is the most active and youngest star with known coronal cycles. It is also a young solar analog, and we are likely facing the earliest cycles in the evolution of solar-like stars, at an age (~600 Myr) when life appeared on Earth. Our aim is to confirm the ~1.6 yr coronal cycle and characterize its stability over time. We use X-ray observations of iota Hor to study the corona of a star representing the solar past through variability, thermal structure, and coronal abundances. We analyzed multi-wavelength observations of iota Hor using XMM-Newton, TESS, and HST data. We monitored iota Hor throughout almost seven years in X-rays and in two UV bands. The summed RGS and STIS spectra were used for a detailed thermal structure model, and the determination of coronal abundances. We studied rotation and flares in the TESS light curve. We find a stable coronal cycle along four complete periods, more than covered in the Sun. There is no evidence for a second longer X-ray cycle. Coronal abundances are consistent with photospheric values, discarding any effects related to the first ionization potential. From the TESS light curve we derived the first photometric measurement of the rotation period (8.2 d). No flares were detected in the TESS light curve of iota Hor. We estimate the probability of having detected zero flares with TESS to be ~2%. We corroborate the presence of an activity cycle of ~1.6 yr in iota Hor in X-rays, more regular than its Ca II H&K counterpart. A decoupling of the activity between the northern and southern hemispheres of the star might explain the disagreement. The inclination of the system would result in an irregular behavior in the chromospheric indicators. The more extended coronal material would be less sensitive to this effect.

研究动机与目标

  • 確認 iot Hor(已知具有X射線變異的年輕類日恆星)中1.6年日冕活動週期的存在與穩定性。
  • 利用高解析度X射線譜學,表徵恆星的熱結構與日冕元素豐度。
  • 從TESS光度觀測中確定恆星自轉週期,並與光譜測量結果進行比較。
  • 研究 chromospheric(Ca ii H&K)與 coronal(X射線)活動週期之間的差異,特別是 chromospheric 信號的不規則性與X射線調製的規律性之間的關係。
  • 評估耀斑與紫外發射變異的存在,並評估視線幾何效應對觀測活動指標的影響。

提出的方法

  • 分析XMM-Newton X射線觀測數據(EPIC與RGS儀器),以推導X射線光 light curves、譜擬合結果與日冕熱結構。
  • 利用TESS光度觀測,透過表面不均勻性引起的光曲線調製來測量恆星自轉週期。
  • 對結合的RGS與STIS數據進行譜分析,以確定日冕元素豐度並評估第一電離勢(FIP)效應。
  • 利用GALEX與HST/OM的紫外通量密度測量,量化 chromospheric 過剩並減去光球貢獻。
  • 使用Kepler數據中的超耀斑統計作為參考,對TESS數據中耀斑檢測概率進行統計評估。
  • 根據自轉週期與v sin i,利用旋轉速度(vsini)與恆星半徑估算傾角。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1iota Hor 中的1.6年X射線日冕週期在多個週期內是否穩定?是否存在更長週期調製的證據?
  • RQ2為何 iota Hor 中X射線日冕週期比 chromospheric Ca ii H&K 週期更規律?
  • RQ3iota Hor 的真實自轉週期為何?與以往的光譜估計相比如何?
  • RQ4TESS 光曲線中是否存在可檢測的耀斑?遺漏此類事件的概率為何?
  • RQ5紫外發射相對於X射線變異如何變化?這對 chromospheric 與 coronal 活動之間的聯繫有何含義?

主要发现

  • iota Hor 的X射線日冕活動週期在四個完整週期內保持穩定,未顯示更長週期調製的證據,表明其具有強健且規律的調製特性。
  • iota Hor 的自轉週期經光度測量為8.19 ± 0.26天,與先前基於S-index、徑向速度與磁場測量的光譜估計一致。
  • TESS 光曲線中未檢測到耀斑,遺漏耀斑的概率估計約為2%,表明耀斑頻率可能較低或耀斑能量閾值較高。
  • 日冕元素豐度與光球層值一致,未顯示顯著的第一電離勢(FIP)效應,與早期低解析度X射線研究結果矛盾,並挑戰了FIP效應與光譜類型之間的趨勢。
  • 紫外發射變異有限(振幅約14%),且不追隨X射線週期,可能因 chromospheric 發射對視線幾何與半球非均勻性更為敏感。
  • 系統傾角(約56°)被提出為 chromospheric 與 coronal 變異脫鉤的原因,因日冕發射更為延伸,受視線角度效應影響較小。

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