[论文解读] Multilevel regression with poststratification for the national level Viber/Street poll on the 2020 presidential election in Belarus
本研究将多层回归与后分层化(MRP)方法应用于白俄罗斯(n≈46,150)的Viber和街头调查数据,以估算2020年总统选举中的候选人支持率与提前投票率。尽管官方结果称卢卡申科获得80.11%的支持,但模型估计其支持率仅为13–18%(95%可信区间),西蒙诺夫斯卡娅支持率则为75–80%,提前投票率为9–13%,所有结果均与官方数据相矛盾,且远超出99.9%可信区间。
Independent sociological polls are forbidden in Belarus. Online polls performed without sound scientific rigour do not yield representative results. Yet, both inside and outside Belarus it is of great importance to obtain precise estimates of the ratings of all candidates. These ratings could function as reliable proxies for the election's outcomes. We conduct an independent poll based on the combination of the data collected via Viber and on the streets of Belarus. The Viber and the street data samples consist of almost 45000 and 1150 unique observations respectively. Bayesian regressions with poststratification were build to estimate ratings of the candidates and rates of early voting turnout for the population as a whole and within various focus subgroups. We show that both the officially announced results of the election and early voting rates are highly improbable. With a probability of at least 95%, Sviatlana Tikhanouskaya's rating lies between 75% and 80%, whereas Aliaksandr Lukashenka's rating lies between 13% and 18% and early voting rate predicted by the method ranges from 9% to 13% of those who took part in the election. These results contradict the officially announced outcomes, which are 10.12%, 80.11%, and 49.54% respectively and lie far outside even the 99.9% credible intervals predicted by our model. The only marginal groups of people where the upper bounds of the 99.9% credible intervals of the rating of Lukashenka are above 50% are people older than 60 and uneducated people. For all other marginal subgroups, including rural residents, even the upper bounds of 99.9% credible intervals for Lukashenka are far below 50%. The same is true for the population as a whole. Thus, with a probability of at least 99.9% Lukashenka could not have had enough electoral support to win the 2020 presidential election in Belarus.
研究动机与目标
- 利用非代表性在线调查与街头调查数据,估算白俄罗斯2020年总统选举中的全国及分组候选人支持率与提前投票率。
- 应对白俄罗斯缺乏独立、科学严谨的民意调查的现状,该国官方民意调查被禁止,且结果广受质疑。
- 应用多层回归与后分层化(MRP)方法,校正来自Viber和街头访谈的非概率样本中的选择偏差。
- 在独立民意调查既危险又至关重要的专制政治环境下,提供统计稳健且透明的公众意见估计。
- 通过贝叶斯可信区间量化官方选举结果的统计不可能性,从而挑战其真实性。
提出的方法
- 收集来自白俄罗斯44,990名Viber用户和1,150名街头受访者的调查数据,涵盖人口统计学特征与投票偏好。
- 应用多层回归与后分层化(MRP)方法,通过建模人口统计与地理协变量对响应的影响,校正样本选择偏差。
- 采用贝叶斯分层模型并使用弱信息先验,以稳定小样本群体的估计值并考虑不确定性。
- 使用潜高斯模型与BYM(双部分条件自回归)先验,建模响应模式中的空间与区域相关性。
- 利用官方统计数据中的人口基准进行后分层,将调查结果重新分配至完整的人口结构中。
- 计算所有估计值的95%与99.9%可信区间,以评估官方结果的统计合理性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1基于非概率样本,2020年白俄罗斯总统选举中,斯维特兰娜·西蒙诺夫斯卡娅与阿列克萨ander·卢卡申科的公众支持率估计值是多少?
- RQ2MRP模型估算的提前投票率与官方公布的49.54%相比如何?
- RQ3基于模型生成的可信区间,官方选举结果在统计上有多大的不可能性?
- RQ4哪些人口或地理子群体中,官方结果的扭曲可能性最高,特别是卢卡申科支持率可能超过50%的群体?
- RQ5在传统民意调查被禁止的高风险非民主环境中,MRP能否可靠地生成具有代表性的估计?
主要发现
- 有95%的概率,斯维特兰娜·西蒙诺夫斯卡娅的支持率在75%至80%之间,而阿列克萨ander·卢卡申科的支持率估计为13–18%。
- 模型预测提前投票率为9–13%,远低于官方公布的49.54%,且超出99.9%可信区间。
- 对于整体人口而言,卢卡申科官方公布的80.11%支持率在统计上极不可能,其支持率低于50%的概率高达99.9%。
- 唯一使卢卡申科99.9%可信区间上限超过50%的子群体是60岁以上人群与未受过教育者,但即便如此,其点估计值也低于50%。
- 其他所有子群体,包括农村居民,其99.9%可信区间的上限均远低于50%,表明官方结果存在系统性扭曲。
- 官方结果与模型可信区间相距甚远,因此在MRP框架下,其作为统计上可能结果的可能性可被基本排除。
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