[论文解读] Multivariate Physics-Informed Convolutional Autoencoder for Anomaly Detection in Power Distribution Systems with High Penetration of DERs
该论文提出了一种多变量物理信息卷积自编码器(PIConvAE),通过将基尔霍夫电路定律整合到卷积自编码器的损失函数中,提升在高分布式能源渗透率(DER)且不平衡的配电系统中的异常检测性能。该方法在数据稀缺条件下实现了最先进性能,在IEEE 123节点系统和RCA真实馈线上的F-1分数分别达到95.12%和97.09%,显著优于数据驱动基线模型。
Despite the relentless progress of deep learning models in analyzing the system conditions under cyber-physical events, their abilities are limited in the power system domain due to data availability issues, cost of data acquisition, and lack of interpretation and extrapolation for the data beyond the training windows. In addition, the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as wind and solar generations increases the complexities and nonlinear nature of power systems. Therefore, an interpretable and reliable methodology is of utmost need to increase the confidence of power system operators and their situational awareness for making reliable decisions. This has led to the development of physics-informed neural network (PINN) models as more interpretable, trustworthy, and robust models where the underlying principled laws are integrated into the training process of neural network models to achieve improved performance. This paper proposes a multivariate physics-informed convolutional autoencoder (PIConvAE) model to detect cyber anomalies in power distribution systems with unbalanced configurations and high penetration of DERs. The physical laws are integrated through a customized loss function that embeds the underlying Kirchhoff's circuit laws into the training process of the autoencoder. The performance of the multivariate PIConvAE model is evaluated on two unbalanced power distribution grids, IEEE 123-bus system and a real-world feeder in Riverside, CA. The results show the exceptional performance of the proposed method in detecting various cyber anomalies in both systems. In addition, the model's effectiveness is evaluated in data scarcity scenarios with different training data ratios. Finally, the model's performance is compared with existing machine learning models where the PIConvAE model surpasses other models with considerably higher detection metrics.
研究动机与目标
- 解决高分布式能源资源(DER)渗透率配电系统中数据有限且噪声多的问题。
- 通过将物理定律嵌入深度学习架构,提升异常检测模型的可靠性和可解释性。
- 开发一种鲁棒且可泛化的模型,在数据稀缺条件下仍保持高性能,这是现实配电系统运行中的常见问题。
- 通过确保模型预测在系统状态转换过程中保持物理一致性,提升运行人员的情境感知能力。
- 在检测不平衡、非线性配电系统中的网络异常方面,超越现有数据驱动模型。
提出的方法
- 将基尔霍夫电压定律和电流定律整合到多变量卷积自编码器(ConvAE)的损失函数中,以约束重构输出的物理一致性。
- 采用滑动窗口策略对时间序列数据进行子采样,以保留训练和测试中的时间模式。
- 设计定制化的物理信息损失函数,在自编码器训练过程中惩罚对基尔霍夫定律的偏离。
- 在正常运行数据上以无监督方式训练模型,以学习紧凑的潜在表征。
- 重构输入测量值并计算重构误差作为异常评分,高误差表示异常。
- 将模型应用于仿真(IEEE 123节点)和真实世界(加利福尼亚州里弗赛德)的不平衡配电馈线,以验证其泛化能力。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1将基尔霍夫电路定律整合到卷积自编码器中,是否能提升在不平衡、高DER渗透率配电系统中的异常检测性能?
- RQ2在数据稀缺条件下,特别是训练数据比例为10%、30%和50%时,所提出的物理信息模型表现如何?
- RQ3与纯数据驱动的自编码器相比,物理约束的引入是否增强了模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性?
- RQ4在F-1分数和召回率方面,PIConvAE模型与随机森林、K-均值和OCSVM等成熟机器学习模型相比表现如何?
- RQ5在真实配电馈线中检测网络异常时,该模型能否保持高精度和物理一致性?
主要发现
- PIConvAE在IEEE 123节点系统上实现了95.12%的F-1分数,相较于基线ConvAE的84.37%有显著提升。
- 在真实世界的RCA馈线中,PIConvAE实现了97.09%的F-1分数,优于随机森林(92.23%)和K-均值(93.91%)。
- 该模型在RCA馈线上实现了99.14%的召回率,为所有测试模型中的最高值,表明其对真实异常的强检测能力。
- 即使在仅10%的训练数据比例下,PIConvAE仍保持高性能,证明其在数据稀缺条件下的强大泛化与外推能力。
- 物理信息损失的引入使基础ConvAE在IEEE 123节点系统上的F-1分数从37.66%提升至94%,充分证明了物理约束的有效性。
- 混淆矩阵分析确认,PIConvAE在IEEE 123节点系统上具有最高的真正例数量(917)和最低的假阴性数量(11)。
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