[论文解读] Near-Field Beamforming for STAR-RIS Networks
本文提出了一种用于STAR-RIS辅助MIMO系统的近场波束成形框架,通过块坐标下降算法联合优化基站主动波束成形与STAR-RIS的传输/反射系数。结果表明,与远场方法相比,近场波束成形显著提升了加权和速率与自由度,其中PEN算法在速率性能上优于ELE,而ELE则具有更低的复杂度。
Recently, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have received significant research interest. The employment of large STAR-RIS and high-frequency signaling inevitably make the near-field propagation dominant in wireless communications. In this work, a STAR-RIS aided near-field multiple-input multiple-multiple (MIMO) communication framework is proposed. A weighted sum rate maximization problem for the joint optimization of the active beamforming at the base station (BS) and the transmission/reflection-coefficients (TRCs) at the STAR-RIS is formulated. The non-convex problem is solved by a block coordinate descent (BCD)-based algorithm. In particular, under given STAR-RIS TRCs, the optimal active beamforming matrices are obtained by solving a convex quadratically constrained quadratic program. For given active beamforming matrices, two algorithms are suggested for optimizing the STAR-RIS TRCs: a penalty-based iterative (PEN) algorithm and an element-wise iterative (ELE) algorithm. The latter algorithm is conceived for STAR-RISs with a large number of elements. Numerical results illustrate that: i) near-field beamforming for STAR-RIS aided MIMO communications significantly improves the achieved weighted sum rate compared with far-field beamforming; ii) the near-field channels facilitated by the STAR-RIS provide enhanced degrees-of-freedom and accessibility for the multi-user MIMO system; and iii) the BCD-PEN algorithm achieves better performance than the BCD-ELE algorithm, while the latter has a significantly lower computational complexity.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决多用户MIMO系统中的性能差距,通过利用STAR-RIS辅助网络中的近场传播特性。
- 克服大规模、高频无线系统中远场假设带来的局限性。
- 联合优化基站的主动波束成形与STAR-RIS的传输/反射系数(TRCs),以提升系统速率。
- 开发高效算法以求解近场波束成形设计所引发的非凸优化问题。
提出的方法
- 针对近场STAR-RIS MIMO系统中的联合主动与被动波束成形,提出加权和速率最大化问题。
- 利用加权最小均方误差(WMMSE)方法重构非凸问题,以支持迭代优化。
- 采用块坐标下降(BCD)框架,交替优化基站波束成形矩阵与STAR-RIS TRCs。
- 在TRCs固定的情况下,求解凸的二次约束二次规划(QCQP)以获得最优波束成形矩阵。
- 提出两种TRC优化算法:基于惩罚的迭代(PEN)方法与逐元素迭代(ELE)方法,适用于大规模STAR-RIS。
- ELE算法通过逐元素更新TRCs降低计算复杂度,而PEN则通过惩罚松弛实现更高性能。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在STAR-RIS辅助的MIMO系统中,近场波束成形相较于远场波束成形如何提升系统性能?
- RQ2STAR-RIS系统中近场与远场传播的信道特性有何关键差异?
- RQ3在近场信道模型下,如何联合优化主动与被动波束成形以最大化加权和速率?
- RQ4在大规模STAR-RIS的TRC优化算法中,性能与计算复杂度之间存在何种权衡?
主要发现
- 与远场波束成形相比,近场波束成形在STAR-RIS辅助的MIMO系统中显著提升了加权和速率。
- 近场信道通过高秩视 Line-of-Sight(LoS)MIMO信道,提供了增强的自由度与更好的可访问性。
- BCD-PEN算法在加权和速率性能上优于BCD-ELE算法。
- BCD-ELE算法的计算复杂度显著低于BCD-PEN,因此更适合大规模STAR-RIS部署。
- 理论分析证明,在WMMSE重构下,BCD-PEN算法可收敛至全局最优解。
- 近场模型可结合角度与距离信息实现波束聚焦,从而提升信号集中度并改善干扰管理。
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