[论文解读] Neutral atomic-carbon QSO absorption-line systems at z>1.5: Sample selection, HI content, reddening, and 2175 A extinction feature
本研究从低分辨率SDSS-II类星体光谱中识别出66个红移z > 1.5的中性原子碳(C i)吸收线系统,利用C i作为遮蔽、冷、含尘气体的示踪剂。主要发现为:C i选中的系统极为稀少(在z ≈ 2.5时比DLA稀100倍),表现出显著的尘埃消光(E(B-V)最高达0.3),且2175 Å消光特征微弱——表明存在近期或正在进行的恒星形成,强C i系统很可能包含高金属丰度、富含分子的气体,是高红移CO和DIB探测的理想目标。
We present the results of a search for cold gas at high redshift along QSO lines-of-sight carried out without any a priori assumption on the neutral atomic-hydrogen (HI) content of the absorbers. To do this, we systematically looked for neutral-carbon (CI) 1560,1656 transition lines in low-resolution QSO spectra from the SDSS database. We built up a sample of 66 CI absorbers with redshifts 1.5<z<3.1 and equivalent widths 0.1<W_r(1560)<1.7 A. The completeness limit of our survey is W_r,lim(1560)~0.4 A. CI systems stronger than that are more than one hundred-times rarer than DLAs at z_abs=2.5. The number of CI systems per unit redshift increases significantly below z=2. We suggest that the CI absorbers are closely related to the process of star formation and the production of dust in galaxies. We derive the HI content of the CI systems and find that a majority of them are sub-DLAs with N(HI)~10^20 atoms cm^-2. The dust content of these absorbers is yet significant as seen from the redder optical colours of the background QSOs and their reddened SEDs. The overall N(HI) distribution of CI systems is relatively flat however. As a consequence, among the CI systems classifying as DLAs there is a probable excess of strong DLAs with log N(HI)>21 compared to systematic DLA surveys. We study empirical relations between W_r(CI), N(HI), E(B-V) and the strength of the 2175 A extinction feature, the latter being detected in about 30% of the CI absorbers. We show that the 2175 A feature is weak compared to Galactic lines-of-sight exhibiting the same amount of reddening. This is probably the consequence of current or past star formation in the vicinity of the CI systems. We also find that the strongest CI systems tend to have the largest amounts of dust and that the metallicity of the gas and its molecular fraction is likely to be high in a large number of cases.
研究动机与目标
- 在不事先假设H i含量的前提下,利用低分辨率类星体光谱识别高红移中性原子碳(C i)吸收系统。
- 研究C i吸收体的H i含量、尘埃消光和消光特性,作为高红移星系中遮蔽、冷、含尘气体的示踪剂。
- 探讨C i吸收体与恒星形成、尘埃遮蔽以及约10 eV能量附近紫外背景辐射演化之间的关联。
- 评估当前星等受限类星体巡天在探测强、含尘DLA时的完整性和选择效应。
- 识别高分辨率后续观测中分子物种(如CO)和弥散星际带在高红移探测的最优目标。
提出的方法
- 在SDSS-II DR7中41,696个低分辨率类星体光谱(1.5 < zem < 4.46)中系统搜索C i λλ1560,1656跃迁线。
- 基于静止帧等效宽度阈值进行样本选择:Wr(λ1560) > 0.4 Å,定义为完整性的极限。
- 使用VLT/UVES高分辨率光谱测量H i柱密度(N(H i)),并为南半球目标推导尘埃消光(E(B-V))。
- 利用观测的光谱能量分布,分析Wr(C i)、N(H i)、E(B-V)以及2175 Å消光特征强度之间的经验关系。
- 将2175 Å特征强度与具有相似E(B-V)的银河系视线进行比较,以推断局部紫外辐射场的影响。
- 对N(H i)分布和C i系统红移演化进行统计分析,以评估其与恒星形成及星际介质条件的关系。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1C i吸收体的数量密度和红移演化与传统的阻滞莱曼-α(DLA)系统相比如何?
- RQ2C i选中吸收体的H i柱密度分布如何?与H i选中的DLA巡天相比有何差异?
- RQ3尘埃消光和2175 Å消光特征与C i吸收强度及H i柱密度的相关性如何?
- RQ4尽管存在显著消光,为何C i吸收体中2175 Å特征微弱?这对局部恒星形成或紫外辐射场意味着什么?
- RQ5与典型DLA相比,C i吸收体是否金属丰度更高、分子气体更丰富?它们是否含有可探测的CO或其他分子?
主要发现
- 该巡天识别出66个C i吸收体,红移1.5 < z < 3.1,且0.1 < Wr(λ1560) < 1.7 Å,完整性的极限为Wr,lim(λ1560) ≈ 0.4 Å。
- 在z ≈ 2.5时,Wr(λ1560) > 0.4 Å的C i系统比DLA稀少100倍以上,表明其追踪的是极为稀少、高度遮蔽的气相。
- C i吸收体的数量密度在z ≈ 2以下显著增加,表明其与这些红移下恒星形成效率提升存在关联。
- 大多数C i吸收体为亚DLA,N(H i) ≈ 10^20 cm⁻²,但与系统性DLA巡天相比,强DLA(log N(H i) > 21)存在明显过剩。
- 约30%的C i吸收体表现出尘埃消光(E(B-V)最高达∼0.3),具有显著消光和被红移的类星体光谱能量分布。
- 与具有相似E(B-V)的银河系视线相比,2175 Å消光特征微弱,可能由于附近恒星形成导致的增强紫外辐射,使该特征的载体被耗尽。
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