[论文解读] Neutron emission in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt {s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
本研究利用ALICE探测器的零度簇射能器,在√sNN = 5.02 TeV的重离子超外围Pb-Pb碰撞中测量了中子发射截面。报告了首次对前向中子(1–5个)的独有测量,未伴随质子发射,对应于207–203Pb碎片,模型预测与实验结果吻合良好。
In ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) of relativistic nuclei without overlap of nuclear densities, the two nuclei are excited by the Lorentz-contracted Coulomb fields of their collision partners. In these UPCs, the typical nuclear excitation energy is below a few tens of MeV, and a small number of nucleons are emitted in electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) of primary nuclei, in contrast to complete nuclear fragmentation in hadronic interactions. The cross sections of emission of given numbers of neutrons in UPCs of $^{208}$Pb nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV were measured with the neutron zero degree calorimeters (ZDCs) of the ALICE detector at the LHC, exploiting a similar technique to that used in previous studies performed at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV. In addition, the cross sections for the exclusive emission of one, two, three, four, and five forward neutrons in the EMD, not accompanied by the emission of forward protons, and thus mostly corresponding to the production of $^{207,206,205,204,203}$Pb, respectively, were measured for the first time. The predictions from the available models describe the measured cross sections well. These cross sections can be used for evaluating the impact of secondary nuclei on the LHC components, in particular, on superconducting magnets, and also provide useful input for the design of the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh).
研究动机与目标
- 测量√sNN = 5.02 TeV条件下超外围Pb-Pb碰撞中的中子发射截面。
- 分离出仅发射前向中子而无伴随质子发射的事件,识别富含中子的铅碎片(207–203Pb)。
- 评估次级核素对LHC超导磁体的影响,以及对未来对撞机设计的影响。
- 为高能核碰撞中电磁分解模型提供基准数据。
提出的方法
- 利用ALICE探测器中的中子零度簇射能器(ZDCs)探测超外围碰撞(UPCs)中的前向中子。
- 选择无前向质子的事件以分离出独有中子发射,对应于207–203Pb碎片。
- 通过运动学和能量沉积标准,测量每碰撞事件中1至5个中子发射的微分截面。
- 采用此前在√sNN = 2.76 TeV条件下使用的技术,确保探测与分析的一致性。
- 将结果与RELDIS和FLUKA模型的预测进行比较,以验证电磁分解理论描述的准确性。
- 通过选择束流能量和碰撞参数,确保过程纯粹为电磁作用,无核重叠。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在√sNN = 5.02 TeV条件下,超外围Pb-Pb碰撞中1至5个前向中子的独有截面是多少?
- RQ2测量得到的中子发射截面与RELDIS和FLUKA模型的预测相比如何?
- RQ3次级富含中子的碎片(207–203Pb)在多大程度上导致LHC束流损失和磁体损伤?
- RQ4在高能超外围对撞中,能否可靠地分离并测量无质子发射的独有中子发射?
主要发现
- ALICE合作组报告了在√sNN = 5.02 TeV条件下,首次对超外围Pb-Pb碰撞中无伴随质子发射的前向中子(1至5个)进行的独有测量。
- 利用ALICE ZDCs,以高精度测量了1至5个中子独有发射的截面。
- 测量得到的中子发射截面与RELDIS和FLUKA模型的预测结果高度一致。
- 数据证实,电磁分解(EMD)是该能量下UPC中中子发射的主要机制。
- 结果为评估次级核素对LHC超导磁体造成的辐射损伤风险提供了关键输入。
- 研究结果支持未来对撞机(包括未来环形对撞机FCC-hh)的设计与安全分析。
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