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[论文解读] New-generation silicon photonics beyond the singlemode regime

Long Zhang, Shihan Hong|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 9, 2021
Photonic and Optical Devices参考文献 47被引用 6
一句话总结

该论文通过在宽化硅芯(2–3 μm)的多模波导中实现低损耗、低串扰光传输,开创了硅光子学的新范式,无需特殊制造工艺即可实现约0.1 dB/cm的超低传播损耗。该方法利用标准220-nm SOI MPW工艺,在微环形谐振器中实现了1.02×10⁷的记录本征Q因子,并实现了具有约0.14 dB/cm损耗的100-cm片上延迟线,从而支持高性能微波光子滤波器和超越单模领域的大规模光子集成。

ABSTRACT

The singlemode condition is one of the most important design rules for optical waveguides in guided-wave optics. The reason following the singlemode condition is that higher-order modes might be excited and thus introduce some undesired mode-mismatching loss as well as inter-mode crosstalk when light propagates along an optical waveguide beyond the singlemode regime. As a result, multimode photonic waveguides are usually not allowed. In this paper, we propose the concept of silicon photonics beyond the singlemode regime, developed with low-loss and low-crosstalk light propagation in multimode photonic waveguides with broadened silicon cores. In particular, silicon photonic waveguides with a broadened core region have shown an ultra-low-loss of ~0.1 dB/cm for the fundamental mode even without any special fabrication process. A micro-racetrack resonator fabricated with standard 220-nm-SOI MPW-foundry processes shows a record intrinsic Q-factor as high as 1.02*107 for the first time, corresponding to ultra-low waveguide propagation loss of only 0.065 dB/cm. A high-performance microwave photonic filter on silicon is then realized with an ultra-narrow 3-dB bandwidth of 20.6 MHz as well as a tuning range of ~20 GHz for the first time. An on-chip 100-cm-long delayline is also demonstrated by using the present broadened SOI photonic waveguides with compact Euler-curve bends, the measured propagation loss is ~0.14 dB/cm. The proposed concept of silicon photonics beyond the singlemode regime helps solve the issue of high propagation loss and also significantly reduces the random phase errors of light due to the random variations of waveguide dimensions. In particularity it enables silicon photonic devices with enhanced performances, which paves the way for new-generation silicon photonics realizing the large-scale photonic integration.

研究动机与目标

  • 为克服传统单模硅光子波导存在的高传播损耗问题,并解决其在大规模集成中不兼容的局限性。
  • 解决标准450-nm宽SOI波导中波导损耗较高(约1–2 dB/cm)的问题,该问题限制了长路径和高Q因子器件的性能。
  • 在无需非标准或特殊制造工艺的条件下,实现超高Q因子谐振器和低损耗长延迟线。
  • 证明将硅芯宽度拓宽至单模区域之外,可同时降低传播损耗并最小化由制造变异引起的随机相位误差。
  • 建立一种可扩展、与CMOS兼容的平台,用于下一代基于标准代工厂工艺的大规模光子集成电路(PICs)。

提出的方法

  • 设计核心宽度为2–3 μm的硅光子波导,使其工作于单模区域之外,从而降低基模传播损耗。
  • 采用标准220-nm SOI MPW代工厂工艺,结合深紫外光刻和电感耦合等离子体干法刻蚀进行制造,避免特殊后处理步骤。
  • 采用紧凑的90°欧拉曲线弯折(MWBs),实现紧凑、低损耗的长延迟线布线,辐射损耗和弯曲损耗极小。
  • 利用标准工艺在220-nm SOI平台上制造微环形谐振器,实现1.02×10⁷的本征Q因子,对应波导损耗为0.065 dB/cm。
  • 将高Q因子谐振器集成至微波光子滤波器中,实现超窄3-dB带宽20.6 MHz和约20 GHz的调谐范围。
  • 利用ASE光源和光谱分析仪(OSA)对100-cm长和10-cm长延迟线进行对比,表征传播损耗。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否可以在不使用特殊制造工艺的前提下,在单模区域之外的硅光子波导中实现超低传播损耗?
  • RQ2拓宽硅芯在多大程度上可降低基模损耗并提升微谐振器的Q因子?
  • RQ3是否可利用标准制造工艺实现长片上延迟线(长达100 cm)且保持低损耗与紧凑版图?
  • RQ4基于高Q因子谐振器的微波光子滤波器在带宽和可调谐性方面与现有最先进器件相比表现如何?
  • RQ5在单模区域之外工作在多大程度上可减少因波导尺寸制造变异引起的随机相位误差?

主要发现

  • 3-μm宽的硅光子波导在无需任何特殊制造工艺的情况下实现了约0.1 dB/cm的超低传播损耗,显著低于标准450-nm宽波导中常见的1–2 dB/cm。
  • 采用标准220-nm SOI MPW工艺制造的微环形谐振器实现了1.02×10⁷的记录本征Q因子,对应波导传播损耗仅为0.065 dB/cm。
  • 采用3-μm宽波导和90°欧拉曲线弯折的100-cm长片上延迟线,实测传播损耗为约0.14 dB/cm,展示了均匀条状SOI波导中迄今为止最长且损耗最低的延迟线。
  • 基于高Q因子谐振器的微波光子滤波器实现了20.6 MHz的超窄3-dB带宽和约20 GHz的调谐范围,代表了目前芯片上报道的最佳性能。
  • 100-cm延迟线的传播损耗高于从谐振器估算的值(0.14 dB/cm vs. 0.065 dB/cm),可能由于累积缺陷和晶圆级制造变异所致。
  • 在超过10片芯片上测量的平均传播损耗为0.14 ± 0.025 dB/cm,证实了高工艺均匀性和可重复性。

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