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[论文解读] New X-ray Clusters in the EMSS I: Modifications to the XLF

Aaron D. Lewis, John T. Stocke|CERN Bulletin|Oct 6, 2001
Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques被引用 10
一句话总结

本研究使用多孔径源检测算法重新分析爱因斯坦EMSS X射线数据,识别出772个新的X射线源候选体,包括若干高红移星系团。这些新星团的纳入修正了X射线光度函数(XLF),消除了高光度下负演化的需求,并表明EMSS对遥远星团的完整度为72–83%。

ABSTRACT

The complete ensemble of Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) X-ray images has been re-processed and re-analyzed using a multi-aperture source detection algorithm. A catalog of 772 new source candidates detected within the central regions of the 1435 IPC fields comprising the Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) has been compiled. By comparison, 478 EMSS sources fall within the same area of sky. A randomly-selected subsample of 133 fields was first examined. We found that most of these sources are either the summation of two or more lower count rate point sources that fall within the larger detection apertures or are single point sources, while \leq 2.3% of the full catalog of sources are extrapolated to be actual distant (z > 0.14) clusters whose extended X-ray structure kept them from being detected in the EMSS despite having sufficient total flux. We then constructed other subsamples specifically selected to contain those X-ray sources most likely to be clusters. Both a database search and an optical imaging campaign have found several new distant clusters, setting a firm lower limit on the number of new clusters in the entire catalog. We estimate that the original EMSS cluster sample is 72-83% complete. We update the Henry et al. 1992 EMSS distant cluster sample with more recent information, and use the redshifts and X-ray luminosities for these new EMSS clusters to compute a revised X-ray Luminosity Function (XLF). The addition of these new high-z, high-L_X clusters to the EMSS is sufficient to remove the requirement for ``negative'' evolution at high-L_X out to z~0.5. We conclude that the EMSS has systematically missed clusters of low surface brightness.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用改进的源检测方法重新分析爱因斯坦扩展中等敏感度巡天(EMSS)X射线数据,以识别先前遗漏的星团。
  • 评估原始EMSS星团样本的完整度,特别是对高红移(z ≥ 0.14)和高光度星团的覆盖程度。
  • 利用新识别的星团更新X射线光度函数(XLF),并评估宇宙学演化模型。
  • 调查X射线星团巡天中的系统性偏差,特别是对低表面亮度星团的漏检问题。

提出的方法

  • 使用多孔径源检测算法重新处理全部1,435个EMSS IPC场,以提高对扩展和暗弱源的敏感度。
  • 在随机选取的133个场中,将新检测结果与原始EMSS源进行比较,以评估检测可靠性及源的混淆情况。
  • 对选定子样本进行光学成像和红移分析,以识别星系过密区并确认星团候选体。
  • 利用X射线通量和光学丰度(Bgc)估算0.3–3.5 keV波段的X射线光度(LX),并校正红移和距离影响。
  • 基于更新的星团红移和光度,在三个红移区间(0.14–0.3,0.3–0.6,0.6–1.0)构建修正后的XLF。
  • 通过将检测到的星团与基于光度和红移分布预期的数量进行比较,评估原始EMSS样本的完整度。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1原始EMSS星团样本在多大程度上不完整,特别是对高红移和高光度星团?
  • RQ2新识别的星团如何影响X射线光度函数(XLF)的形状与演化?
  • RQ3新星团的纳入能否解决在z ~ 0.5处高光度XLF中似乎需要负演化的现象?
  • RQ4完整EMSS源星表中有多大比例是低表面亮度星团,这些星团在原始巡天中被遗漏?
  • RQ5X射线巡天的检测效率如何依赖于星团的表面亮度和X射线通量分布?

主要发现

  • EMSS对遥远(z ≥ 0.14)X射线星团的完整度估计为72–83%,表明对低表面亮度系统存在显著不完整。
  • 新增的772个X射线源候选体,包括若干高红移星团,修正了XLF,并消除了在z ~ 0.5以内高光度(LX > 10^45 erg/s)区域需要负演化的必要性。
  • 在z = 0.3–0.6和log LX = 44.9–45.2区间,修正后的XLF比低红移(z < 0.3)XLF低1σ,表明存在轻微演化。
  • 对全部772个源的光学识别尚未完成,但在133个场中已确认73个新检测,其中11个为确认或可能的星团。
  • 通过星系过密区和光谱红移,已确认若干新的高红移星团,包括z = 0.42–0.53和z = 0.52–0.59的星团,其LX ≈ 10^45 erg/s。
  • 本研究识别出X射线巡天中对低表面亮度星团存在系统性漏检,表明此类偏差可能也影响其他X射线星团巡天。

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