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[论文解读] Non-axisymmetric wind-accretion simulations I. Velocity gradients of 3% and 20% over one accretion radius

M. Ruffert|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 14, 1996
Wind and Air Flow Studies被引用 30
一句话总结

本研究首次采用分段抛物线法(PPM)与嵌套网格技术,对具有速度梯度(在单个吸积半径内分别为3%和20%)的非轴对称风吸积进行了高分辨率三维流体动力学模拟。结果表明,吸积的单位质量角动量范围为理论估算值的7%至70%,且速度梯度越大,角动量吸积效率越低,波动性越强,相较于轴对称情形更为不稳定。

ABSTRACT

We investigate the hydrodynamics of a variant of classical Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion: a totally absorbing sphere moves at various Mach numbers (3 and 10) relative to a medium, which is taken to be an ideal gas having a velocity gradient (of 3% or 20% over one accretion radius) perpendicular to the relative motion. We examine the influence of the Mach number of the flow and the strength of the gradient upon the physical behaviour of the flow and the accretion rates of the angular momentum in particular. The hydrodynamics is modeled by the ``Piecewise Parabolic Method'' (PPM). The resolution in the vicinity of the accretor is increased by multiply nesting several grids around the sphere. Similarly to the 3D models without gradients published previously, models exhibit non-stationary flow patterns, although the Mach cone remains fairly stable. The accretion rates of mass, linear and angular momenta do not fluctuate as strongly as published previously for 2D models, but similarly to the 2D models, transient disks form around the accretor that alternate their direction of rotation with time. The average specific angular momentum accreted is roughly between 7% and 70% of the total angular momentum available in the accretion cylinder and is always smaller than the value of a vortex with Kepler velocity around the surface of the accretor. The fluctuations of the mass accretion rate in the models with small gradients (2%) are similar to the values of the models without gradients, while the models with large gradients (20%) exhibit larger fluctuations. The mass accretion rate is maximal when the specific angular momentum is zero, while the specific entropy tends to be smaller when the disks are prograde.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究速度梯度对三维流体动力学中非轴对称风吸积的影响。
  • 解决长期以来关于吸积圆柱体内角动量吸积的理论预测与数值结果之间存在的差异。
  • 确定马赫数、吸积体尺寸及绝热指数对吸积速率与流场稳定性的影响。
  • 将3D模拟结果与以往的2D和3D结果进行比较,评估一致性与分辨率效应。
  • 量化瞬态吸积盘与角动量波动在非均匀流条件下吸积过程中的作用。

提出的方法

  • 采用分段抛物线法(PPM)进行数值流体动力学建模,以高精度捕捉激波与间断面。
  • 在吸积体周围应用嵌套网格技术,以提高吸积球体附近区域的分辨率。
  • 在三维空间中模拟不同马赫数(3和10)、速度梯度(在单个吸积半径内为3%和20%)及吸积体半径(0.02、0.1和1.0 R_A)的流动。
  • 将绝热指数γ在5/3(理想气体)与4/3(等温类似)之间变化,以检验热效应对吸积动力学的影响。
  • 随时间计算质量、线性动量与角动量的吸积速率,以评估其时间波动性与平均值。
  • 基于公式(7)推导吸积圆柱体内角动量的理论估算值,并作为对比基准。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在单个吸积半径内速度梯度为3%和20%时,如何影响风吸积流的稳定性与时间依赖行为?
  • RQ2与基于吸积圆柱体的理论估算相比,吸积体实际吸积的单位质量角动量在多大程度上被保留?
  • RQ3马赫数与吸积体尺寸如何影响吸积速率波动的幅度与频率?
  • RQ4在瞬态吸积盘形成过程中,角动量吸积、质量吸积率与单位熵之间存在何种关系?
  • RQ5与以往2D和3D模拟相比,本研究结果在角动量吸积效率方面有何定量差异?

主要发现

  • 所有吸积体尺寸≤0.1 R_A的模型均表现出非定常流场特征,形成周期性改变旋转方向的瞬态吸积盘,与轴对称模型类似。
  • 平均单位质量角动量吸积量占理论估算值的7%至70%,具体取决于梯度强度与γ值等模型参数。
  • 对于小梯度(3%),吸积的单位质量角动量约为吸积体表面开普勒涡旋的十分之一;对于大梯度(20%),该比值降至约三分之一。
  • 在速度梯度存在的情况下,质量吸积率在波动幅度范围内与无梯度情况无统计学差异。
  • 具有大梯度(20%)的模型表现出比小梯度(3%)或无梯度模型更大的质量吸积率波动,表明不稳定性增强。
  • 当单位质量角动量为零时,质量吸积率达到最大值,且在前向旋转盘阶段(负单位质量角动量)时,单位熵较低。

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