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[论文解读] Non-Hermitian topological phenomena: A review

Nobuyuki Ōkuma, Masatoshi Sato|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 20, 2022
Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics被引用 5
一句话总结

本综述探讨了非厄米拓扑现象,重点关注体-边界对应关系与非厄米皮肤效应之间的相互作用——即由于非厄米哈密顿量导致本征态在边界局域化。研究确立了非厄米拓扑支撑着新颖的边界物理,关键成果包括伪谱在瞬态动力学中的作用,以及超越传统对称性的非厄米系统的拓扑分类。

ABSTRACT

The past decades have witnessed an explosion of interest in topological materials, and a lot of mathematical concepts have been introduced in condensed matter physics. Among them, the bulk-boundary correspondence is the central topic in topological physics, which has inspired researchers to focus on boundary physics. Recently, the concepts of topological phases have been extended to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, whose eigenvalues can be complex. Besides the topology, non-Hermiticity can also cause a boundary phenomenon called the non-Hermitian skin effect, which is an extreme sensitivity of the spectrum to the boundary condition. In this article, we review developments in non-Hermitian topological physics by focusing mainly on the boundary problem. As well as the competition between non-Hermitian and topological boundary phenomena, we discuss the topological nature inherent in non-Hermiticity itself.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究晶格系统中拓扑边界态与非厄米皮肤效应之间的相互作用。
  • 阐明非厄米拓扑如何独立于厄米拓扑不变量而出现。
  • 分析伪谱在非正规矩阵瞬态动力学中的作用,特别是对边界极端敏感的系统。
  • 将体-边界对应关系推广至非厄米系统,包括无对称性保护的情况。
  • 将非厄米谱现象与哈密顿系统的拓扑不变量及准零模联系起来。

提出的方法

  • 以Hatano-Nelson模型作为典型例子,展示在开放边界条件和周期性边界条件下非厄米皮肤效应的表现。
  • 应用虚数规范变换,将非厄米哈密顿量在OBC下映射为厄米形式,同时保持谱不变。
  • 引入伪谱概念,分析非正规矩阵中的瞬态动力学,尤其在谱无法预测稳定性时的情形。
  • 采用相似变换与谱映射技术,将非厄米本征态与局域边界模联系起来。
  • 应用如绕数等拓扑不变量对非厄米系统进行分类,即使在缺乏标准对称性时亦成立。
  • 分析非厄米薛定谔方程以研究时间演化,区分谱与伪谱对动力学的控制作用。
Figure 1: (a) The PBC and OBC eigenspectrum of Hatano-Nelson model ( $t=1$ , $g=0.5$ ). (b) Right and left eigenstates of a Hermitian edge state and a non-Hermitian skin mode. (c) Brilloin zone (BZ) and generalized Brillouin zone (GBZ) for PBC and OBC spectra, respectively. We use $E(\beta)=\beta^{2
Figure 1: (a) The PBC and OBC eigenspectrum of Hatano-Nelson model ( $t=1$ , $g=0.5$ ). (b) Right and left eigenstates of a Hermitian edge state and a non-Hermitian skin mode. (c) Brilloin zone (BZ) and generalized Brillouin zone (GBZ) for PBC and OBC spectra, respectively. We use $E(\beta)=\beta^{2

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1非厄米皮肤效应如何破坏拓扑系统中传统的体-边界对应关系?
  • RQ2非厄米皮肤效应的拓扑起源是什么?它与谱和伪谱有何关联?
  • RQ3非正规矩阵以何种方式导致瞬态放大?这对开放量子系统中的稳定性有何影响?
  • RQ4如何将拓扑不变量推广至无对称性保护的非厄米哈密顿量?
  • RQ5在非厄米系统中,最小绝对值本征值的物理意义是什么,特别是在电路上实现中可见?

主要发现

  • 在开放边界条件下,Hatano-Nelson模型由于相似变换表现出实谱线,与周期性边界条件下的复椭圆谱形成鲜明对比。
  • 非厄米皮肤效应导致所有本征态局域于一个边界,这一现象在厄米系统中因边界不敏感性而不存在。
  • 非厄米哈密顿量的伪谱控制瞬态动力学,即使谱的最大虚部为负,仍可实现放大。
  • 具有皮肤效应的系统中,瞬态时间随系统尺寸增长,对应于信息在链中传播的Lieb-Robinson时间。
  • 非厄米皮肤效应与厄米拓扑绝缘体中的准零模相关联,提示非厄米与厄米拓扑物理之间存在对偶性。
  • 在非正规系统中,达到稳态的弛豫时间并不总由谱隙决定,而是由伪谱决定,从而解释了Lindblad动力学中的偏差。
Figure 2: (a) Schematic picture of the PBC, SIBC, and OBC spectra in the presence of non-Hermitian skin effect. The disk with the dotted boundary is the SIBC spectrum under an imaginary gauge transformation $V_{r}$ . (b) Relationship between non-Hermitian topology and Hermitian topology.
Figure 2: (a) Schematic picture of the PBC, SIBC, and OBC spectra in the presence of non-Hermitian skin effect. The disk with the dotted boundary is the SIBC spectrum under an imaginary gauge transformation $V_{r}$ . (b) Relationship between non-Hermitian topology and Hermitian topology.

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