[论文解读] Numerical study on thermal transpiration flows through a rectangular channel
本研究采用直接模拟BGK(DSBGK)方法,模拟了在滑移与过渡流 regime 下的矩形微通道中稀薄热渗透流,其质量流量计算结果与实验数据高度吻合。主要贡献在于表明:通道两端的储液器效应显著影响速度与压力分布,尽管无储液器的模拟计算速度更快,但其结果具有误导性;同时警示不应使用单通道解析解来标定表面动量 accommodation 系数。
Gaseous thermal transpiration flows through a rectangular micro-channel are simulated by the direct simulation BGK (DSBGK) method. These flows are rarefied, within the slip and transitional flow regimes, which are beyond many traditional computational fluid dynamic simulation schemes, such as those based on the continuum flow assumption. The flows are very slow and thus many traditional particle simulation methods suffer large statistical noises. The adopted method is a combination of particle and gas kinetic methods and it can simulate micro-flows properly. The simulation results of mass flow rates have excellent agreement with experimental measurements. In another case of 2D channel, the DSBGK comparisons with the DSMC result and the solution of Shakhov equation are also in very good agreement. Another finding from this study is that numerical simulations by including two reservoirs at the channel ends lead to appreciable differences in simulation results of velocity and pressure distributions within the micro-channel. This is due to the inhaling and exhaling effects of reservoirs at the channel ends. Even though excluding those reservoirs may accelerate the simulations significantly by using a single channel in simulations, special attentions are needed because this treatment may over-simplify the problem, and some procedures and results may be questionable. One example is to determine the surface momentum accommodation coefficient by using analytical solution of the mass flow rate obtained in a single-channel problem without the confinement effect of reservoirs at the two ends.
研究动机与目标
- 研究在超出连续介质假设的稀薄条件下,矩形微通道中的热渗透流。
- 评估DSBGK方法在低速、高Knudsen数稀薄气体流中的准确性和效率。
- 考察通道两端储液器对流场预测与质量流量计算的影响。
- 将DSBGK结果与实验数据进行验证,并与DSMC和Shakhov方程解进行比较。
- 评估使用简化单通道模型来确定表面动量accommodation系数的有效性。
提出的方法
- 采用直接模拟BGK(DSBGK)方法,结合粒子与气体动力学方法,以减少统计噪声,模拟稀薄流。
- DSBGK方法通过松弛时间模型求解BGK-Boltzmann方程,可模拟过渡流与滑移流区域。
- 模拟包括包含两端储液器的全域配置,以捕捉流入与流出动力学,以及不带储液器的简化配置以作对比。
- 通过在入口与出口截面进行速度积分,全局计算质量流量,以监测收敛性并降低噪声。
- 通过对比不同气体(He、Ne、Ar)和压力范围下的DSBGK结果与实验数据,验证该方法。
- 在二维情形下,进一步与DSMC和Shakhov方程解进行对比,以验证在不同Knudsen数下的准确性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1微通道两端的储液器如何影响热渗透流中预测的速度与压力分布?
- RQ2与实验相比,模拟中忽略储液器在多大程度上会降低质量流量预测的准确性?
- RQ3DSBGK方法在模拟二维通道中热渗透流时,与DSMC和Shakhov方程解相比表现如何?
- RQ4DSBGK方法是否能可靠模拟传统CFD失效的高Knudsen数低速稀薄流?
- RQ5在真实实验装置中,使用单通道解析解来标定表面动量accommodation系数是否合理?
主要发现
- DSBGK模拟在不同气体(He、Ne、Ar)和压力范围内,与实验质量流量数据高度一致,大多数情况下偏差小于10%。
- 与实验数据相比,DSBGK方法在δ₀变化时表现出更平滑、更缓和的质量流量变化,表明统计噪声更小。
- 包含通道两端储液器的模拟,其速度与压力分布与无储液器的模拟存在显著差异,这是由于流入与流出的受限效应所致。
- 有无储液器的模拟之间质量流量差异明显,表明储液器效应在准确预测中不可忽略。
- 使用单通道解析解来标定表面动量accommodation系数存在疑问,因其忽略了储液器带来的动态受限效应。
- 采用匹配热导率的DSBGK方法,与DSMC和Shakhov解的吻合度优于标准BGK实现,后者在热渗透问题中表现出明显误差。
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