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[论文解读] Observational study of sites of triggered star formation: CO and mid-infrared observations

J. S. Urquhart, L. K. Morgan|ArXiv.org|Feb 27, 2009
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 41被引用 35
一句话总结

本研究利用CO、中红外和射电数据,调查了45个南天明亮边缘云(BRCs)中的触发性恒星形成。通过光离化激波识别出24个BRC为‘触发’状态,其中14个通过嵌入式中红外源、脉泽和CO线翼显示出活跃的恒星形成,其余10个处于更早的演化阶段,表明尽管一半的BRC受到HII区影响,但仅有约30%的BRC目前正处于恒星形成阶段。

ABSTRACT

(Abridged) Bright-rimmed clouds (BRCs) are isolated molecular clouds located on the edges of evolved HII regions where star formation is thought may have been triggered. In this paper we investigate the current level of star formation within a sample of BRCs and evaluate to what extent star formation may have been induced. We present the results of a programme of position-switched CO observations towards 45 southern BRCs. The 12CO, 13CO and C18O (J=1-0) were simultaneously observed using the 22m Mopra telescope. We complement these observations with archival mid-IR submm and radio data. Analysis of the CO, mid-IR and radio data result in the clouds being divided into three distinct groups. We refer to these groups as spontaneous, triggered, and zapped clouds, respectively. Comparing the physical parameters of spontaneous and triggered samples we find striking differences in luminosity, surface temperature and column density with all three quantities significantly enhanced for the clouds considered to have been triggered. Furthermore, we find strong evidence for star formation within the triggered sample by way of methanol and H_2O masers, embedded mid-IR point sources and CO wings, however, we find evidence of ongoing star formation within only two of the spontaneous sample. We have used CO, mid-IR and radio data to identify 24 of the 45 southern BRCs that are undergoing a strong interaction with their HII region. We can therefore exclude ~50% from future studies. 14 of the 24 interacting BRCs are found to be associated with embedded mid-IR point sources and we find strong evidence of that these clouds are forming stars. The absence of mid-infrared sources towards the remaining ten clouds leads us to conclude that these represent an earlier evolutionary stage of star formation.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定南半球明亮边缘云(BRCs)中触发性恒星形成的范围与性质。
  • 评估BRC中的恒星形成是否由附近HII区的光离化激波所引发。
  • 基于多波段数据,将BRC分类为自发、触发或‘被击中’(zapped)三种演化阶段。
  • 通过排除非触发源,对SFO星表进行优化,以提高未来RDI(辐射驱动压缩)研究的准确性。
  • 量化RDI机制在BRC中对恒星形成效率及初始质量函数的贡献。

提出的方法

  • 使用Mopra 22米望远镜对45个南天BRC进行位置切换的12CO、13CO和C18O J=1–0谱线观测。
  • 将CO数据与MSX和Spitzer的档案中红外数据,以及文献中的亚毫米波和射电数据相结合。
  • 将BRC分为三类:自发(未受影响)、触发(强烈相互作用)和‘被击中’(无CO检测但存在强烈电离前沿)。
  • 使用光度、表面温度和柱密度作为关键物理参数,比较自发与触发样本之间的差异。
  • 通过检测甲醇和H2O脉泽、嵌入式中红外点源、UCHII区域以及显示喷流的CO线翼,识别正在进行的恒星形成。
  • 对自发与触发样本进行统计比较,评估其在恒星形成活动与效率方面的差异。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1BRC中的恒星形成在多大程度上由附近HII区的光离化激波触发?
  • RQ2在SFO星表中的45个南天BRC中,有多少个实际上正在经历触发性恒星形成?
  • RQ3在光度、温度和柱密度方面,自发形成与触发形成BRC之间存在哪些物理差异?
  • RQ4嵌入式中红外点源和脉泽是否可作为触发BRC中正在进行恒星形成的可靠示踪器?
  • RQ5在RDI影响的BRC中,当前正处于恒星形成阶段的占比是多少,而处于更早演化阶段的又占多少?

主要发现

  • 在45个南天BRC中,有24个(约53%)表现出与HII区强烈相互作用的明确证据,被归类为‘触发’或‘被击中’云。
  • 与自发样本相比,触发样本的平均光度(约3,000 L⊙)、表面温度和柱密度显著更高。
  • 在24个触发BRC中,有14个与嵌入式中红外点源相关,表明存在活跃的恒星形成。
  • 其余10个触发BRC未显示中红外源或其他恒星形成示踪物,表明其处于电离驱动坍缩的更早阶段。
  • 具有嵌入源的BRC光度比无嵌入源的高出一个数量级,支持RDI更有利于形成大质量恒星的假设。
  • 尽管50%的BRC受到HII区影响,但样本中仅有约30%(14/45)当前正在形成恒星,凸显多波段数据在避免误分类中的重要性。

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