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[论文解读] On Sensing, Agility, and Computation Requirements for a Data-gathering Agile Robotic Vehicle

Fangchang Ma, Sertaç Karaman|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 7, 2017
Optimization and Search Problems参考文献 59被引用 3
一句话总结

本文提出了一套理论框架,用于在随机环境中对具有未知、泊松分布目标的数据采集机器人车辆协同设计感知、机动性和计算能力。通过将问题建模为与统计力学中最后通过渗透(last-passage percolation)相关的最大奖励收集任务,推导出:性能随更高的机动性(收益递减)和感知范围提升而改善,而计算需求在规划阶段比推理阶段增长更快,尤其在感知和机动性增强时更为显著。

ABSTRACT

We consider a robotic vehicle tasked with gathering information by visiting a set of spatially-distributed data sources, the locations of which are not known a priori, but are discovered on the fly. We assume a first-order robot dynamics involving drift and that the locations of the data sources are Poisson-distributed. In this setting, we characterize the performance of the robot in terms of its sensing, agility, and computation capabilities. More specifically, the robot's performance is characterized in terms of its ability to sense the target locations from a distance, to maneuver quickly, and to perform computations for inference and planning. We also characterize the performance of the robot in terms of the amount and distribution of information that can be acquired at each data source. The following are among our theoretical results: the distribution of the amount of information among the target locations immensely impacts the requirements for sensing targets from a distance; performance increases with increasing maneuvering capability, but with diminishing returns; and the computation requirements increase more rapidly for planning as opposed to inference, with both increasing sensing range and maneuvering ability. We provide computational experiments to validate our theoretical results. Finally, we demonstrate that these results can be utilized in the co-design of sensing, actuation, and computation capabilities of mobile robotic systems for an information-gathering mission. Our proof techniques establish novel connections between the fundamental problems of robotic information-gathering and the last-passage percolation problem of statistical mechanics, which may be of interest on its own right.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立机器人车辆从未知、空间分布的信息源收集数据的可证明性能边界。
  • 刻画感知范围、车辆机动性与信息采集任务中计算负载之间的相互作用关系。
  • 提供一个协同设计框架,根据任务需求选择无人机(UAV)的软硬件能力。
  • 通过最后通过渗透模型将机器人信息采集问题与统计力学联系起来。
  • 通过计算实验验证理论结果,并将其应用于无人地面传感器的传感器选型。

提出的方法

  • 将机器人的运动与数据采集建模为随机奖励场中的最大奖励收集问题。
  • 将该问题的离散版本简化为统计力学中的最后通过渗透模型。
  • 利用统计力学中的已知结果,推导出奖励收集的渐近性能边界。
  • 通过尺度变换和极限论证,将离散结果推广至连续空间。
  • 通过大规模计算实验验证理论预测,涵盖轨迹规划与奖励收集。
  • 将研究成果应用于传感器网络设计,比较同质化与随机化传感器精度在提升估计置信度方面的表现。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1目标位置的信息分布如何影响有效数据采集所需的感知范围?
  • RQ2提升车辆机动性对数据采集性能有何影响?是否存在收益递减现象?
  • RQ3感知范围与机动能力如何共同影响规划与推理阶段的计算负载?
  • RQ4在无人地面传感器网络中,随机化传感器精度是否能优于均匀精度,从而提升估计置信度?
  • RQ5统计力学中最后通过渗透模型的结果在多大程度上可应用于机器人信息采集问题?

主要发现

  • 性能随机动性提升而提高,但随着机动性增强,收益呈现递减趋势。
  • 当奖励均匀为1且机动性受限时,期望奖励收集速率几乎必然收敛至每单位长度√(2λ)。
  • 通过随机化传感器精度(例如指数分布,均值为1),可实现至少2.1的平均精度增益,显著优于同质传感器的√2增益。
  • 传感器精度的方差可加快估计误差方差的衰减,从而提升推断的鲁棒性与置信度。
  • 随着感知范围和机动性的提升,规划阶段的计算需求比推理阶段增长更快。
  • 基于最后通过渗透模型推导出的理论结果,为随机环境中最优数据采集性能提供了紧致边界。

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