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[论文解读] On The Importance of Fundamental Computational Fluid Dynamics Towards a Robust and Reliable Model of Left Atrial Flows: Is There More Than Meets the Eye?

Ehsan Khalili, C'ecile Daversin-Catty|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 3, 2023
Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究调查了在患者特异性计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟中,左心房血流动力学对空间和时间分辨率的敏感性,发现中间分辨率下关键血流动力学指标(如OSI和RRT)的变异度高达55%。作者表明,为实现稳健可靠的建模,需采用高分辨率网格(1000万网格单元)和精细的时间离散化(每心动周期10,000个时间步),因为较低分辨率会产生不可靠的结果,尤其在左心房耳部区域表现明显。

ABSTRACT

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of left atrial flows have reached a sophisticated level, e.g., revealing plausible relationships between hemodynamics and stresses with atrial fibrillation. However, little focus has been on fundamental fluid modelling of LA flows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal convergence, along with the differences between high- (HR) versus normal-resolution/accuracy (NR) solution strategies, respectively. CFD simulations on 12 patient-specific left atrial geometries, obtained from computed tomography scans, were performed by using a second-order accurate and space/time centered solver. The convergence studies showed an average variability of around 30\% and 55\% for time averaged wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), even between intermediate spatial and temporal resolutions, in the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA), respectively. The comparison between HR and NR simulations showed good correlation in the LA for WSS, RRT, and ECAP (R^2 > 0.9), but not for OSI (R^2 = 0.63). However, there were poor correlations in the LAA especially for OSI, RRT, and ECAP (R^2 = 0.55, 0.63, and 0.61, respectively), except for WSS (R^2 = 0.81). The errors are comparable to differences previously reported with disease correlations. To robustly predict atrial hemodynamics and stresses, numerical resolutions of 10M elements and 10k time-steps per cycle seem necessary (i.e., one order of magnitude higher than normally used in both space and time). In conclusion, attention to fundamental numerical aspects is essential towards establishing a plausible, robust, and reliable model of LA flows.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估空间与时间分辨率对患者特异性左心房血流中血流动力学指标的影响。
  • 评估关键血流动力学指标(WSS、OSI、RRT和ECAP)在不同分辨率水平下的收敛行为。
  • 确定文献中常用分辨率水平是否能为临床相关性提供可靠且稳健的结果。
  • 确定实现左心房血流动力学与应力指标准确预测所需的最低分辨率阈值。

提出的方法

  • 从12名个体的64排CT扫描中重建患者特异性的左心房几何结构。
  • 采用二阶精度、空间/时间中心化的有限体积求解器进行CFD模拟。
  • 在多个空间与时间分辨率水平上开展收敛性研究,包括中间分辨率与高分辨率(HR)配置。
  • 计算并比较血流动力学指标——时间平均壁面剪切应力(WSS)、振荡剪切指数(OSI)、相对滞留时间(RRT)和内皮细胞活化潜能(ECAP)。
  • 模拟持续两个心动周期以评估时间稳定性,HR模拟显示存在过渡流行为。
  • 通过皮尔逊相关系数(R²)比较高分辨率(HR)与常规分辨率(NR)策略的一致性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1空间与时间分辨率如何影响左心房血流模拟中血流动力学指标的收敛性?
  • RQ2中间分辨率模拟与高分辨率解在预测WSS、OSI、RRT和ECAP方面的差异程度如何?
  • RQ3实现患者特异性左心房模型中稳健可靠血流动力学预测所需的最低空间与时间分辨率是多少?
  • RQ4分辨率相关误差与临床研究中观察到的血流动力学指标与疾病关联性的差异相比如何?
  • RQ5左心房耳部(LAA)是否对分辨率的敏感性高于左心房主腔?

主要发现

  • 时空收敛性研究显示,在左心房与左心房耳部区域,中间空间与时间分辨率下WSS、OSI、RRT与ECAP的平均变异度分别为30%与55%。
  • 在左心房区域,高分辨率模拟与常规分辨率结果在WSS、RRT与ECAP方面表现出强相关性(R² > 0.9),但OSI的相关性仅为中等(R² = 0.63)。
  • 在左心房耳部区域,OSI(R² = 0.55)、RRT(R² = 0.63)与ECAP(R² = 0.61)的相关性较差,仅WSS表现出中等一致性(R² = 0.81)。
  • 由于分辨率不足导致的误差在量级上与临床研究中报道的血流动力学指标与心房颤动及血栓形成关联性的差异相当。
  • 本研究结论认为,为实现稳健可靠的建模,必须采用1000万网格单元与每心动周期10,000个时间步,其分辨率较通常使用水平高出一个数量级。
  • 研究结果强调,必须严格对待CFD建模的基本选择,尤其是分辨率与求解器精度,以确保血流动力学预测的临床相关性与可重复性。

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