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[论文解读] On the origin of star formation quenching in massive galaxies at $z \gtrsim 3$ in the cosmological simulations IllustrisTNG

Shalini Kurinchi-Vendhan, Marion Farcy|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 4, 2023
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena被引用 6
一句话总结

利用IllustrisTNG宇宙学模拟,本研究识别出活动星系核(AGN)反馈——特别是动能喷流模式反馈——是红移 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时大质量星系早期抑制恒星形成的主要驱动力。熄灭星系因黑洞更快增长而经历更早且更强的AGN反馈,从而抑制冷气体流入并维持低气体分数,导致静止状态。

ABSTRACT

Using the cosmological simulations IllustrisTNG, we perform a comprehensive analysis of quiescent, massive galaxies at $z \gtrsim 3$. The goal is to understand what suppresses their star formation so early in cosmic time, and how other similar mass galaxies remain highly star-forming. As a first-order result, the simulations are able to produce massive, quiescent galaxies in this high-redshift regime. We find that active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback is the primary cause of halting star formation in early, massive galaxies. Not only do the central, supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of the quenched galaxies have earlier seed times, but they also grow faster than in star-forming galaxies. As a result, the quenched galaxies are exposed to AGN feedback for longer, and experience the kinetic, jet-mode of the AGN feedback earlier than the star-forming galaxies. The release of kinetic energy reduces inflows of gas while likely maintaining outflows, which keeps a low cold gas fraction and decreases the star formation of the galaxies down to a state of quiescence. In addition to AGN feedback, we also investigate the influence of the large-scale environment. While mergers do not play a significant role in the quenching process, the quenched galaxies tend to reside in more massive halos and denser regions during their evolution. As this provides a greater initial amount of infalling gas to the galaxies, the large-scale environment can mildly affect the fate of the central SMBH growth and, via AGN feedback, contribute to star formation quenching.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解在高红移($z \gtrsim 3$)时导致大质量星系恒星形成熄灭的物理机制,该现象在观测中显示出出人意料的早期静止状态。
  • 确定内部过程(如AGN反馈)或外部因素(如大尺度环境或并合事件)在早期熄灭中是否为主要驱动力。
  • 研究黑洞增长与反馈模式在触发静止状态中的作用,尤其与恒星反馈和宇宙学性饥饿机制进行对比。
  • 评估并合事件与环境密度在塑造高红移大质量星系熄灭路径中的相对重要性。
  • 评估模拟中AGN反馈模型的触发时机与效率如何影响早期宇宙时空中静止星系的出现。

提出的方法

  • 利用IllustrisTNG宇宙学模拟套件(TNG100-1与TNG300-1)提取 $z = 3$ 与 $z = 3.7$ 时大质量、静止与恒星形成星系的样本。
  • 追踪熄灭星系与恒星形成星系中超大质量黑洞的吸积历史与反馈输出,重点关注辐射效率低下状态下的动能喷流模式AGN反馈。
  • 比较熄灭星系与恒星形成星系的黑洞种子形成时间、吸积率与能量输出,以评估AGN反馈的触发时机与强度。
  • 通过暗物质晕属性与靠近宇宙丝状结构的接近程度,分析宿主晕质量与大尺度环境密度,以评估环境对熄灭的贡献。
  • 使用统计比较与星系及黑洞演化的时间序列分析,隔离AGN反馈与熄灭之间的因果关系。
  • 通过追踪相互作用历史与动力学相互作用来评估并合事件的作用,发现其在 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时对熄灭影响甚微。
Figure 1: Fraction of quiescent galaxies (top row) and specific star-formation rate (bottom row) versus stellar mass for the TNG100-1 $z=3.7$ (left), TNG100-1 $z=3.0$ (middle), and TNG300-1 (right) samples. In each panel, we compare the quiescent (red shade, triangles) and star-forming (blue shade,
Figure 1: Fraction of quiescent galaxies (top row) and specific star-formation rate (bottom row) versus stellar mass for the TNG100-1 $z=3.7$ (left), TNG100-1 $z=3.0$ (middle), and TNG300-1 (right) samples. In each panel, we compare the quiescent (red shade, triangles) and star-forming (blue shade,

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在IllustrisTNG模拟中,导致 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时大质量星系恒星形成熄灭的主要物理机制是什么?
  • RQ2在高红移时,熄灭星系与恒星形成星系的AGN反馈触发时机与强度有何不同?
  • RQ3大尺度环境条件(如宿主晕质量与密度)在多大程度上促进早期黑洞增长并导致后续熄灭?
  • RQ4在 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时,并合事件是否是大质量星系熄灭的主要驱动力,还是仅起次要作用?
  • RQ5模拟中动能喷流模式AGN反馈的实现方式在多大程度上影响了早期宇宙时空中静止星系的出现?

主要发现

  • AGN反馈,特别是辐射效率低下状态下的动能喷流模式反馈,是 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时大质量星系恒星形成熄灭的主导机制。
  • 熄灭星系中的黑洞具有更早的种子形成时间与更高的吸积率,导致其经历更持久且更强的AGN反馈作用。
  • 熄灭的开始与黑洞质量与吸积率跨越临界阈值时触发的动能AGN反馈同步发生,从而抑制冷气体流入并维持低气体分数。
  • 位于更致密、质量更大的宿主晕中的星系以更高速率吸积气体与暗物质,从而实现更快的黑洞增长与更早的AGN反馈激活,进而促进熄灭。
  • 在 $z \gtrsim 3$ 时,并合事件对区分熄灭星系与恒星形成星系无显著影响,因为熄灭与相互作用历史无关。
  • 当前IllustrisTNG模型在 $z > 3$ 时对大质量熄灭星系的数密度预测偏低,表明可能需要改进AGN反馈建模,特别是辐射效率高的状态,以更好地匹配观测结果。
Figure 2: Relative frequency of galaxies with respect to the critical redshift of BH mass growth. We define the “critical time of BH mass growth” as the time when the galaxy’s central BH mass exceeds $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\geq 10^{6.5}\>\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ . We show separate histograms for the TNG100-1 $z
Figure 2: Relative frequency of galaxies with respect to the critical redshift of BH mass growth. We define the “critical time of BH mass growth” as the time when the galaxy’s central BH mass exceeds $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\geq 10^{6.5}\>\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ . We show separate histograms for the TNG100-1 $z

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