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[论文解读] Online Computation with Untrusted Advice

Spyros Angelopoulos, Christoph Dürr|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2020
Optimization and Search Problems被引用 24
一句话总结

本文提出了一种新型在线计算模型,支持不可靠建议(advice),其中建议可能错误或受敌意操纵。该文设计了在可信与不可靠建议之间平衡性能的算法,证明了滑雪租赁问题与在线出价问题的帕累托最优竞争比,并首次建立了该设定下建议大小与竞争力之间权衡的下限。

ABSTRACT

The advice model of online computation captures the setting in which the online algorithm is given some partial information concerning the request sequence. This paradigm allows to establish tradeoffs between the amount of this additional information and the performance of the online algorithm. However, unlike real life in which advice is a recommendation that we can choose to follow or to ignore based on trustworthiness, in the current advice model, the online algorithm treats it as infallible. This means that if the advice is corrupt or, worse, if it comes from a malicious source, the algorithm may perform poorly. In this work, we study online computation in a setting in which the advice is provided by an untrusted source. Our objective is to quantify the impact of untrusted advice so as to design and analyze online algorithms that are robust and perform well even when the advice is generated in a malicious, adversarial manner. To this end, we focus on well- studied online problems such as ski rental, online bidding, bin packing, and list update. For ski-rental and online bidding, we show how to obtain algorithms that are Pareto-optimal with respect to the competitive ratios achieved; this improves upon the framework of Purohit et al. [NeurIPS 2018] in which Pareto-optimality is not necessarily guaranteed. For bin packing and list update, we give online algorithms with worst-case tradeoffs in their competitiveness, depending on whether the advice is trusted or not; this is motivated by work of Lykouris and Vassilvitskii [ICML 2018] on the paging problem, but in which the competitiveness depends on the reliability of the advice. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to prove lower bounds, within this model, on the tradeoff between the number of advice bits and the competitiveness of any online algorithm. Last, we study the effect of randomization: here we show that for ski-rental there is a randomized algorithm that Pareto-dominates any deterministic algorithm with advice of any size. We also show that a single random bit is not always inferior to a single advice bit, as it happens in the standard model.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决标准建议复杂度中‘建议始终正确’这一不切实际的假设,通过建模建议可能不可靠或受敌意操纵来改进。
  • 设计在建议错误时具有鲁棒性、在建议正确时仍具高效性的在线算法,量化这一权衡。
  • 形式化并分析使用双重竞争比的在线算法性能:一个用于可信建议(rA),一个用于不可靠建议(wA)。
  • 建立不可靠建议模型下,建议大小与竞争力之间权衡的首个下限。
  • 比较在不可靠建议存在时,建议位与随机位的性能,表明随机化在不可靠环境中可优于确定性算法。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种新模型,其中在线算法接收可能错误的建议,性能通过两个竞争比衡量:rA(可信)和wA(不可靠)。
  • 以竞争比为依据定义帕累托最优性:若不存在其他算法在rA与wA上均优于某算法,则该算法为帕累托最优。
  • 以滑雪租赁与在线出价问题为例,构造随机化算法,实现rA与wA之间的帕累托最优权衡。
  • 针对装箱问题与链表更新问题,设计依赖于建议可信度的算法,展示在可信与不可靠建议下性能的权衡。
  • 通过归约至已知问题与对抗性输入构造,证明建议大小与竞争力之间权衡的下限。
  • 通过构造仅使用1个随机位与L个建议位的随机化算法,证明其在不可靠环境下优于使用L+1个建议位的确定性算法,从而比较建议位与随机位的性能。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在线问题在可信与不可靠建议下的竞争比之间,最优权衡是什么?
  • RQ2在不可靠建议模型中,即使建议位有限,随机化算法是否仍可优于确定性算法?
  • RQ3当建议可能受敌意操纵时,给定数量建议位下,竞争力的理论极限(下限)是什么?
  • RQ4在不可靠建议设定下,建议位的性能与随机位相比如何?
  • RQ5能否设计出在建议错误时能平稳降级,但在建议正确时仍表现良好的鲁棒在线算法?

主要发现

  • 对于滑雪租赁与在线出价问题,本文构造的随机化算法为帕累托最优,对任意w > 1,实现竞争比(rA, wA) = (w ln w / (w-1), w)。
  • 证明了无论建议大小如何,任何确定性算法均无法优于(1+λ, 1+1/λ)的权衡(λ > 0),且随机化算法在所有建议大小下均帕累托支配所有确定性算法,即使建议大小无界。
  • 对于有界在线出价问题,使用1个随机位与L个建议位的随机化算法,对所有w > 4,实现(1+ρ1²/(ρ1+ǫ), αw+ǫ)-竞争力,其中ρ1 = (w - √(w²-4w))/2且α < 1。
  • 不可靠竞争比αw严格小于w,表明与确定性算法相比,随机化通过因子α < 1提升了鲁棒性。
  • 该随机化算法的可信竞争比相比最优确定性算法下降了(1+ρ1)/2 > 1的因子,但这一损失被不可靠性能的显著提升所抵消。
  • 本文首次建立了不可靠建议模型下,建议大小与竞争力之间权衡的下限,揭示了在建议存在时性能提升的内在局限。

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