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[论文解读] Optimal adaptive control of cascading power grid failures

Daniel Bienstock|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2010
Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems参考文献 17被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出一种自适应的仿射控制策略,根据电网状态观测结果动态地在各母线间转移负荷,以中止电力系统中的级联故障。基于美国东部互联电网(15,000个母线,23,000条线路)的快照,该方法在级联发生前离线优化控制系数,以最小化负荷损失,并通过并行数值实验验证了其有效性。

ABSTRACT

Power grids have long been a source of interesting optimization problems. Perhaps best known among the optimization community are the unit commitment problems and related generator dispatching tasks. However, recent blackout events have renewed interest on problems related to grid vulnerabilities. A difficult problem that has been widely studied, the N-K problem, concerns the detection of small cardinality sets of lines or buses whose simultaneous outage could develop into a significant failure event. This is a hard combinatorial problem which, unlike the typical formulations for the unit commitment problem, includes a detailed model of flows in the grid. A different set of algorithmic questions concern how to react to protect a grid when a significant event has taken place. This is the outlook that we take in this paper. In this context, the central modeling ingredient is that power grids display cascading behavior. In this paper, building on prior models for cascades, we consider an affine, adaptive, distributive control algorithm that is computed at the start of the cascade and deployed during the cascade. The control sheds demand as a function of observations of the state of the grid, with the objective of terminating the cascade with a minimum amount of demand lost. The optimization problem handled at the start of the cascade computes the coefficients in the affine control (one set of coefficients per demand bus). We present numerical experiments with parallel implementations of our algorithms, using as data a snapshot of the U.S. Eastern Interconnect, with approximately 15000 buses and 23000 lines.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决初始扰动后电力系统中级联故障的缓解问题,重点在于最小化负荷损失。
  • 开发一种实时、分布式控制机制,根据级联过程中的电网状态观测结果进行自适应调整。
  • 以最小化系统整体影响的方式,优化负荷切除的控制系数。
  • 通过并行计算在大规模电力系统模型上验证该方法。
  • 为故障后电网保护这一复杂动态问题提供一种计算上可行的解决方案。

提出的方法

  • 制定一种仿射控制律,其中每个母线的负荷切除量是观测到的电网状态(如线路潮流或母线电压)的线性函数。
  • 控制系数通过在级联开始时求解一个优化问题预先计算得出,基于详细的潮流模型。
  • 控制策略为分布式,每个母线独立使用本地状态信息应用自身的控制律。
  • 优化目标是在确保系统稳定性和级联终止的前提下,最小化总负荷切除量。
  • 该方法利用详细的潮流模型,与更简单的组合模型形成对比。
  • 通过实现并行算法,使该方法可扩展至大型系统(如美国东部互联电网)

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何在大型电力系统中最优协调负荷切除,以防止级联故障?
  • RQ2何种控制结构能够在级联过程中实现有效实时自适应调整,同时最小化总负荷损失?
  • RQ3能否预先计算出一种仿射分布式控制策略,以有效响应级联动态?
  • RQ4该方法在多大程度上可扩展至实际规模的电力系统?
  • RQ5与静态或启发式策略相比,自适应控制在防止大停电方面能带来多大的性能提升?

主要发现

  • 所提出的自适应控制策略显著降低了总负荷损失,相较于非自适应或启发式方法。
  • 该方法在包含15,000个母线和23,000条线路的美国东部互联电网仿真中成功中止了级联故障。
  • 预先计算的控制系数使得无需在级联过程中进行集中式重新优化,即可实现实时分布式响应。
  • 并行实现表明该方法在大规模电力系统中具有计算可行性。
  • 仿射控制律有效捕捉了在级联条件下稳定电网所需的动态响应。
  • 优化框架考虑了详细的潮流动力学,相较于更简单的组合模型,显著提升了准确性。

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