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[论文解读] Optimization of epitaxial graphene growth for quantum metrology

Davood Momeni|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2020
Surface and Thin Film Phenomena参考文献 102被引用 2
一句话总结

该论文通过聚合物辅助升华外延石墨烯生长,在6H-SiC上优化了外延石墨烯的生长,证明精确控制氩气流量可抑制台阶束集,从而实现超平整、单层石墨烯,其电阻各向异性可忽略不计。该方法可制备大面积、准自由悬浮的单层和双层石墨烯,缺陷密度低,可在低磁场(B < 5 T)下实现高质量的量子霍尔电阻计量。

ABSTRACT

(See the complete abstract within the thesis in both English and German versions) In this thesis, the process conditions of the epitaxial graphene growth through a socalled polymer-assisted sublimation growth method are minutely investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to show that the previously neglected flow-rate of the argon process gas has a significant influence on the morphology of the SiC substrate and atop carbon layers. The results can be well explained using a simple model for the thermodynamic conditions at the layer adjacent to the surface. The resulting control option of step-bunching on the sub-nanometer scales is used to produce the ultra-flat, monolayer graphene layers without the bilayer inclusions that exhibit the vanishing of the resistance anisotropy. The comparison of four-point and scanning tunneling potentiometry measurements shows that the remaining small anisotropy represents the ultimate limit, which is given solely by the remaining resistances at the SiC terrace steps. ... The precise control of step-bunching using the Ar flow also enables the preparation of periodic non-identical SiC surfaces under the graphene layer. Based on the work function measurements by Kelvin-Probe force microscopy and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, it is shown for the first time that there is a doping variation in graphene, induced by a proximity effect of the different near-surface SiC stacks. The comparison of the AFM and low-energy electron microscopy measurements have enabled the exact assignment of the SiC stacks, and the examinations have led to an improved understanding of the surface restructuring in the framework of a step-flow mode. ...

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在SiC上外延石墨烯生长过程中台阶束集的问题,该问题导致厚度不均匀和电阻各向异性。
  • 通过最小化外部各向异性,提升外延石墨烯的质量,以用于量子霍尔电阻(QHR)标准。
  • 实现大面积、准自由悬浮的单层和双层石墨烯,且缺陷密度低。
  • 探究氩气流量对表面形貌和亚纳米尺度台阶束集的影响。
  • 证明通过电荷调控技术可在低磁场(B < 5 T)下实现石墨烯的量子霍尔电阻计量。

提出的方法

  • 在6H-SiC(0001)基底上,在超高真空条件下采用聚合物辅助升华外延生长(PASG)。
  • 在高温生长过程中系统调节氩气流量,以控制表面热力学和台阶束集行为。
  • 利用原子力显微镜(AFM)和低能电子显微镜(LEEM)表征表面形貌和台阶结构。
  • 采用扫描隧道显微电位测量(STP)和四点探针测量,量化微米和毫米尺度上的电阻各向异性。
  • 通过开尔文探针力显微镜(KPFM)和X射线光电子发射显微镜(XPEEM)绘制由SiC近表层堆垛引起的功函数变化。
  • 通过拉曼光谱和扫描隧道显微镜(STM)评估石墨烯层的缺陷密度和电子质量。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在PASG过程中,氩气流量如何影响SiC基底和外延石墨烯的台阶束集与表面形貌?
  • RQ2氩气流量控制在多大程度上可降低外延石墨烯中的电阻各向异性?其极限是什么?
  • RQ3通过优化PASG能否实现缺陷密度低、均匀性高的准自由悬浮单层和双层石墨烯?
  • RQ4残余电阻各向异性的来源是什么?其与SiC台阶面的关系如何?
  • RQ5通过电荷调控技术,能否在低磁场(B < 5 T)下有效运行基于石墨烯的QHR标准?

主要发现

  • PASG过程中氩气流量显著影响SiC表面形貌和台阶束集,实现了对台阶结构的亚纳米级调控。
  • 成功获得超平整的单层外延石墨烯,其电阻各向异性可忽略不计,残余各向异性仅受SiC台阶面电阻限制。
  • 四点测量和STP测量结果表明,在微米和毫米尺度上,外在电阻各向异性低于10−9,表明其高度均匀。
  • 拉曼光谱和STM结果显示,优化后的石墨烯层缺陷密度极低。
  • 通过KPFM和XPEEM直接观测到不同SiC近表层堆垛引起的功函数变化,证实了临近诱导掺杂效应。
  • 在优化后的单层石墨烯上进行的QHR测量表明,在低磁场(B < 5 T)下实现了量子化的电阻,该结果得益于电荷调控技术。

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