[论文解读] Optimizing Opinions with Stubborn Agents Under Time-Varying Dynamics
本文提出了一种新颖的模型,用于在时变社交网络中优化顽固代理人的布局,以最大化意见影响力。证明了均衡意见仅取决于网络结构和顽固代理人的身份,而与异质的时间可变更新规则无关,并利用贪心算法在真实Twitter网络中实现最小代理部署下的近似最优结果。
We consider optimizing the placement of stubborn agents in a social network in order to maximally influence the population. We assume individuals in a directed social network each have a latent opinion that evolves over time in response to social media posts by their neighbors. The individuals randomly communicate noisy versions of their latent opinion to their neighbors, causing them to update their opinions using a time-varying update rule that has them become more stubborn with time and be less affected by new posts. The noisy communicated opinion and dynamic update rule are novel components of our model and they reflect realistic behaviors observed in many psychological studies. We prove that under fairly general conditions, the opinions converge to an equilibrium in the presence of stubborn agents. What is surprising about this result is that the equilibrium condition depends only upon the network structure and the identity of the stubborn agents. The time-varying opinion update rules, which are heterogeneous across individuals, do not affect the equilibrium. We also prove bounds on the rate of convergence to this equilibrium. We then use this model to develop a discrete optimization formulation for the problem of maximally shifting the equilibrium opinions in a network by targeting users with stubborn agents. We consider maximizing the mean opinion and also maximizing the number of individuals whose opinion exceeds a fixed threshold. We show that the mean opinion is a monotone submodular function, allowing us to find a good solution using a greedy algorithm. We find that on real social networks in Twitter consisting of tens of thousands of individuals, a small number of stubborn agents can non-trivially influence the equilibrium opinions. Furthermore, we show that our greedy algorithm outperforms several common benchmarks.
研究动机与目标
- 使用带有噪声的通信和时变的、个体特定的更新规则来对社交网络中的真实意见动态进行建模,这些规则随时间增加顽固性。
- 证明在一般条件下,意见会收敛到一个与具体时变更新规则无关的均衡。
- 将影响力最大化的問題形式化为离散优化任务,目标是最大化平均意见或超过某一阈值的个体数量。
- 开发并评估一种贪心算法,用于选择最优的顽固代理人布局,利用平均意见目标的子模性。
- 在拥有数万名用户的现实世界Twitter网络上展示所提方法的有效性。
提出的方法
- 将个体建模为有向社交网络中的节点,其潜在意见通过向邻居传播意见并伴随噪声进行演化。
- 引入时变的更新规则,其中个体随时间变得更加顽固,对新信息的敏感度降低。
- 证明意见动态会收敛到一个唯一的均衡,该均衡仅取决于网络拓扑结构和顽固代理人的身份,而与具体的时变规则无关。
- 将优化问题形式化为最大化平均均衡意见或超过阈值的个体数量,采用离散优化方法。
- 利用平均意见函数的单调性和子模性,应用具有理论近似保证的贪心算法。
- 在真实Twitter网络上评估该方法,并与常见基准进行比较。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1社交网络中的均衡意见是否依赖于具体的时变更新规则,还是仅取决于网络结构和顽固代理人布局?
- RQ2能否高效地优化平均均衡意见?其是否表现出子模性,从而支持近似保证?
- RQ3贪心算法在现实社交网络中选择顽固代理人以最大化影响力方面效果如何?
- RQ4在大规模网络中,需要多少最少的顽固代理人,才能非平凡地改变均衡意见?
- RQ5所提方法与基线策略相比,在影响意见分布方面表现如何?
主要发现
- 均衡意见分布仅取决于网络结构和顽固代理人集合,而与具体的时变更新规则无关。
- 平均均衡意见是顽固代理人集合的单调子模函数,从而支持使用贪心算法并获得(1 - 1/e)的近似保证。
- 在拥有数万名用户的现实Twitter网络中,仅需少量战略性部署的顽固代理人即可显著改变均衡意见。
- 所提出的贪心算法在平均意见最大化和基于阈值的影响目标上均优于多个常见基准。
- 即使在异质且时变的个体更新行为下,该模型在相当广泛条件下仍能保证收敛至均衡。
- 通过引入噪声通信和顽固性随时间增加的机制,该模型捕捉了真实的心理动态,增强了其实际相关性。
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