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[论文解读] Outflow from super-Eddington flow: where it originates from and how much impact it gives?

Takaaki Kitaki, Shin Mineshige|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 26, 2021
Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究通过大规模二维辐射流体动力学模拟研究了超爱丁顿吸积流中喷流的起源与影响。结果表明,喷流主要源自约140 rS以内区域,质量喷流速率约为24 L_Edd/c²,机械光度约为0.16 L_Edd,与观测到的ULXs一致。

ABSTRACT

It is widely believed that super-Eddington accretion flow can produce powerful outflow, but where it originates from and how much mass and energy are carried away to which directions? To answer to these questions, we newly perform a large-box, two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulation, paying special attention lest the results should depend on adopted initial and boundary conditions. We could achieve a quasi-steady state in an unprecedentedly large range, $r=2~r_{ m S}$-$600~r_{ m S}$ (with $r_{ m S}$ being the Schwarzschild radius) from the black hole. The accretion rate onto the central $10 ~M_{\odot}$ black hole is $\dot{M}_{ m BH} \sim 180 ~L_{ m Edd}/c^{2}$, whereas the mass outflow rate is ${\dot M}_{ m outflow} \sim 24 ~L_{ m Edd}/c^2$ (where $L_{ m Edd}$ and $c$ are the Eddington luminosity and the speed of light, respectively). The ratio (${\dot M}_{ m outflow}/{\dot M}_{ m BH} \sim 0.14$) is much less than those reported previously. By careful inspection we find that most of outflowing gas which reach the outer boundary originates from the region at $R\lesssim140~r_{ m S}$, while gas at $140~r_{ m S}$-$230 ~r_{ m S}$ forms failed outflow. Therefore, significant outflow occurs inside the trapping radius $\sim 450 ~r_{ m S}$. The mechanical energy flux (or mass flux) reaches its maximum in the direction of $\sim 15^\circ$ ($\sim 80^\circ$) from the rotation axis. The total mechanical luminosity is $L_{ m mec}\sim 0.16~L_{ m Edd}$, while the isotropic X-ray luminosity varies from $L_{ m X}^{ m ISO}\sim 2.9~L_{ m Edd}$, (for a face-on observer) to $\sim 2.1~L_{ m Edd}$ (for a nearly edge-on observer). The power ratio is $L_{ m mec}/L_{ m X}^{ m ISO}\sim 0.05$-$0.08$, in good agreement with the observations of Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources surrounded by optical nebulae.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定超爱丁顿吸积流中喷流的空间起源。
  • 量化不同方向喷流携带的质量与能量通量。
  • 评估初始条件与边界条件对喷流特性的影响。
  • 考察光子捕获与黏性加热在塑造吸积-喷流结构中的作用。
  • 将模拟得到的机械光度与X射线光度与超亮X射线源(ULXs)的观测结果进行比较。

提出的方法

  • 在r = 2 rS至3000 rS范围内进行了大区域二维辐射流体动力学模拟,采用2430 rS的开普勒半径以避免人工边界效应。
  • 在r ≤ 600 rS范围内采用准稳态方法,以确保喷流与吸积诊断的可靠性。
  • 追踪气体流线与质量通量,以识别真实喷流与失败喷流的喷流启动半径。
  • 通过动能通量计算机械光度(L_mec),并通过不同视线方向的辐射通量计算各向同性X射线光度(L_X^ISO)。
  • 应用薄盘模型与光子捕获半径(R_trap ≈ 450 rS)以解释盘结构与喷流形成机制。
  • 进行时间平均与快照分析,研究盘内对流运动与能量平衡。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1喷流在吸积流中的哪个区域起源,喷流启动区域的径向范围如何?
  • RQ2有多少比例的吸积率由喷流携带,这一比例如何随吸积率变化?
  • RQ3喷流的机械光度是多少,与各向同性X射线光度相比如何?
  • RQ4盘的赤道平面与表面层中,辐射与气体能量平衡有何不同?
  • RQ5初始与边界条件在多大程度上影响模拟得到的喷流特性?

主要发现

  • 喷流主要源自约140 rS以内区域,且大部分气体在到达外边界前即起源于此区域。
  • 质量喷流速率约为24 L_Edd/c²,而黑洞吸积速率约为180 L_Edd/c²,因此质量喷流与吸积速率之比约为0.14。
  • 机械光度(L_mec)达到约0.16 L_Edd,在距旋转轴约15°处达到峰值。
  • 各向同性X射线光度在面视方向约为2.9 L_Edd,边缘视向约为2.1 L_Edd,机械光度与X射线光度之比L_mec/L_X^ISO约为0.05至0.08。
  • 光子捕获半径(R_trap ≈ 450 rS)将黑洞附近的厚盘(H/R ~ 1)与大半径处较薄且H恒定的盘区分开。
  • 对流在盘中显著,尤其在~40 rS以内,且在模拟坐标系中更常呈顺时针方向。

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