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[论文解读] Particle track reconstruction with noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers

Tim Schwägerl, Ç. İşsever|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 23, 2023
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture被引用 4
一句话总结

该论文展示了在含噪声的中等规模量子(NISQ)计算机上使用变分量子本征求解器(VQE)求解粒子轨迹重建问题作为无约束二次二值优化(QUBO)问题的可行性。通过将完整的QUBO问题分解为与当前硬件兼容的较小子QUBO,研究表明,在理想条件下,采用CVaR损失函数和L-VQE增强的VQE在32量子比特子QUBO上可实现高达70%的基态成分保真度,且当子QUBO大小为128至512个三元组时,性能接近完整QUBO的结果。

ABSTRACT

The reconstruction of trajectories of charged particles is a key computational challenge for current and future collider experiments. Considering the rapid progress in quantum computing, it is crucial to explore its potential for this and other problems in high-energy physics. The problem can be formulated as a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) and solved using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm. In this work the effects of dividing the QUBO into smaller sub-QUBOs that fit on the hardware available currently or in the near term are assessed. Then, the performance of the VQE on small sub-QUBOs is studied in an ideal simulation, using a noise model mimicking a quantum device and on IBM quantum computers. This work serves as a proof of principle that the VQE could be used for particle tracking and investigates modifications of the VQE to make it more suitable for combinatorial optimization.

研究动机与目标

  • 探索在高能物理中使用NISQ时代量子计算机进行粒子轨迹重建的可行性。
  • 通过将大型QUBO问题分解为更小、硬件兼容的子QUBO,应对量子比特数量有限的挑战。
  • 在理想、噪声和真实量子硬件条件下,评估VQE在子QUBO上的性能表现。
  • 研究对VQE的改进方法,特别是CVaR损失函数和L-VQE,以提升组合优化问题在高能物理中的性能。
  • 在真实轨迹密度场景下,将重建轨迹的效率与纯度与完整QUBO解进行基准对比。

提出的方法

  • 将粒子轨迹重建表述为QUBO问题,其中系数 $ a_i $ 表示三元组质量,$ b_{ij} $ 表示三元组兼容性。
  • 采用几何切片方法将完整QUBO划分为16至512个三元组的重叠子QUBO,以保证空间一致性。
  • 通过 $ T_i \to (1 - Z_i)/2 $ 将QUBO映射为量子哈密顿量,使VQE能够找到对应于最优解的基态。
  • 采用参数化量子线路的变分量子本征求解器(VQE),使用COBYLA优化器,每轮迭代进行1024次测量。
  • 实施两种VQE增强方法:CVaR损失函数($ \alpha = 0.1 $ 和 $ \alpha = 1 $)以及最多增加两层纠缠的L-VQE。
  • 在三种设置下评估性能:理想模拟、噪声模型(ibmq_kolkata)以及使用Qiskit的IBM真实量子硬件。
Figure 1: Hits and reconstructed trajectories of particles in the transverse plane of the detector. The detector layers are indicated by the grey concentric circles. Real tracks (indicated in green) are successfully reconstructed. Tracking algorithms can miss or make up tracks, which are indicated i
Figure 1: Hits and reconstructed trajectories of particles in the transverse plane of the detector. The detector layers are indicated by the grey concentric circles. Real tracks (indicated in green) are successfully reconstructed. Tracking algorithms can miss or make up tracks, which are indicated i

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当完整QUBO被分解为子QUBO时,NISQ设备上的VQE是否能以足够的效率和纯度实现粒子轨迹重建?
  • RQ2子QUBO大小如何影响VQE在基态保真度、效率和纯度方面的性能表现?
  • RQ3噪声(模拟或真实)对VQE在粒子轨迹重建中的性能有何影响?
  • RQ4CVaR损失函数和增加层的L-VQE是否能提升此类组合优化问题中的收敛速度与解质量?
  • RQ5子QUBO分解在多大程度上能保留当前及近中期量子硬件上完整QUBO解的性能?

主要发现

  • 对于128和512个三元组的子QUBO,效率超过0.9,且在每事件最多5000个粒子时,纯度与完整QUBO解相当。
  • 在32量子比特子QUBO上,理想VQE模拟可使高达70%的实例达到至少1%的基态成分,表明解的保真度较强。
  • CVaR损失函数($ \alpha = 0.1 $)在理想和噪声模拟中均显著提升性能,优于标准VQE($ \alpha = 1 $)。
  • 在L-VQE中增加一层纠缠门可提升最多20量子比特的噪声模拟性能,但随着规模增大,增益逐渐减弱。
  • 来自真实IBM量子硬件(ibmq_kolkata)的结果与经典噪声模拟一致,验证了噪声模型的可靠性。
  • 在16量子比特子QUBO中,当轨迹密度较低时效率急剧下降,但大多数条件下纯度仍高于0.8,表明对误报具有鲁棒性。
Figure 2: The circuit of the L-VQE algorithm (a). The circuit consists of single-qubit $R_{Y}$ rotation gates and entangling two-qubit CNOT gates. The ansatz is grown by adding layers (dashed box on the right hand side) to the initial rotation layer (dashed box on left hand side). Layer with fewer $
Figure 2: The circuit of the L-VQE algorithm (a). The circuit consists of single-qubit $R_{Y}$ rotation gates and entangling two-qubit CNOT gates. The ansatz is grown by adding layers (dashed box on the right hand side) to the initial rotation layer (dashed box on left hand side). Layer with fewer $

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