[论文解读] PEPSI deep spectra. I. The Sun-as-a-star
本论文利用位于大型双子座望远镜上的太阳盘面积分(SDI)望远镜馈电的PEPSI光谱仪,对太阳作为恒星进行了高分辨率、深谱线观测。光谱分辨率高达270,000,波长覆盖范围为383至914 nm,信噪比最高达8,000:1,数据实现了亚百分之一强度精度和10 m s⁻¹(均方根)的径向速度精度,从而实现了锂元素丰度的精细化测量(1.09 ± 0.04 dex),并检测到平均盘面p模振荡,振幅为47 cm s⁻¹,周期为5.5分钟。
As part of the first Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) key-science project, we aim to provide well-exposed (viz. deep) high-resolution spectra of representative stellar targets. These spectra will be made available in form of (electronic) atlases. The first star in this series of papers is our Sun. It also acts as a system-performance cornerstone. The deep spectra in this paper are the results of combining up to 100 consecutive exposures per wavelength setting and are compared with other solar flux atlases. Our software for the optimal data extraction and reduction of PEPSI spectra is described and verified with the solar data. Three deep solar flux spectra with a spectral resolution of up to 270,000, a continuous wavelength coverage from 383 nm to 914 nm, and a photon signal to noise ratio (S/N) of between 2,000-8,000:1 depending on wavelength are presented. Additionally, a time-series of 996 high-cadence spectra in one cross disperser is used to search for intrinsic solar modulations. The wavelength calibration based on Th-Ar exposures and simultaneous Fabry-Perot combs enables an absolute wavelength solution within 10 m/s (rms) with respect to the HARPS laser-comb solar atlas and a relative rms of 1.2 m/s for one day. For science demonstration, we redetermined the disk-average solar Li abundance to 1.09+/-0.04 dex on the basis of 3D NLTE model atmospheres. We detected disk-averaged p-mode RV oscillations with a full amplitude of 47 cm/s at 5.5 min. Comparisons with two solar FTS atlases, as well as with the HARPS solar atlas, validate the PEPSI data product. Now, PEPSI/SDI solar-flux spectra are being taken with a sampling of one deep spectrum per day, and are supposed to continue a full magnetic cycle of the Sun.
研究动机与目标
- 利用PEPSI光谱仪为太阳作为恒星提供高保真度、深谱线参考数据。
- 通过将太阳作为基准,验证PEPSI在恒星光谱学中的性能。
- 通过高精度太阳数据,为未来恒星活动、元素丰度分析和径向速度变化研究提供支持。
- 建立完整的磁周期内太阳变异性长期监测基线。
- 为天体物理学界提供公开可访问的高质量太阳光谱图集。
提出的方法
- 数据通过位于大型双子座望远镜上的PEPSI光谱仪,由一台机器人太阳盘面积分(SDI)望远镜馈电获取。
- 每个波长设置下最多约100次独立曝光被叠加,以生成深度、高信噪比光谱。
- 波长定标通过Th-NeAr曝光和同步的法布里-珀罗梳实现,达到绝对精度10 m s⁻¹(均方根),相对稳定性为每天1.2 m s⁻¹。
- 在波长大于400 nm的波段,连续谱归一化和通量校准精度达到亚百分之一。
- 从996次观测、采样间隔92秒的时间序列中提取径向速度变化,以检测太阳振荡。
- 利用三维非局部热动平衡(NLTE)模型大气和改进的谱线列表(包含V系带和增强的CN强度),重新测定太阳锂元素丰度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在观测太阳作为恒星时,PEPSI光谱仪可实现的径向速度精度是多少?
- RQ2使用三维NLTE模型大气时,PEPSI对太阳锂元素丰度的测量精度如何?
- RQ3PEPSI测量的太阳平均盘面p模振荡的振幅和周期分别是多少?
- RQ4与现有太阳光谱图集相比,PEPSI深谱线的通量校准和信噪比表现如何?
- RQ5PEPSI数据在多大程度上支持太阳光球层中不存在⁶Li的结论?
主要发现
- PEPSI深太阳光谱在红区信噪比最高达8,000:1,在Ca ii H&K线核心处也达到600:1。
- 波长解算相对于HARPS激光梳太阳图集的精度在10 m s⁻¹(均方根)以内,相对稳定性为每天1.2 m s⁻¹。
- 太阳p模振荡的平均盘面径向速度振幅测量值为47 cm s⁻¹,周期为5.5分钟。
- 利用三维NLTE模型重新测定的太阳锂元素丰度为1.09 ± 0.04 dex,与以往文献值一致。
- ⁶Li/⁷Li同位素比值与零一致,表明光球层中无可观测到的⁶Li,与核破坏过程的预期相符。
- 深谱线在亚百分之一水平上与其它太阳图集的强度高度一致,证实了数据的高保真度。
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