[论文解读] Performance Analysis of Near-Optimal Energy Buffer Aided Wireless Powered Communication
本文提出并分析了两种低复杂度的在线传输策略——尽力而为(best-effort)和开关式(on-off)——用于无线能量传输系统中的能量收集(EH)节点。通过离散时间连续状态的马尔可夫链,推导出在Nakagami-m衰落信道下的极限能量缓冲器分布和中断概率,结果表明:在低至中等中断水平下,尽力而为策略优于开关式策略,并且尽管缺乏对信道或能量采集配置的先验知识,仍能实现近似最优性能。
In this paper, we consider a wireless powered communication system, where an energy harvesting (EH) node harvests energy from a radio frequency (RF) signal broadcasted by an access point (AP) in the downlink (DL). The node stores the harvested energy in an energy buffer and uses the stored energy to transmit data to the AP in the uplink (UL). We investigate two simple online transmission policies for the EH node, namely a best-effort policy and an on-off policy, which do not require knowledge of the EH profile nor channel knowledge. In particular, for both policies, the EH node transmits in each time slot with a constant desired power if sufficient energy is available in its energy buffer. Otherwise, the node transmits with the maximum possible power in the best-effort policy and remains silent in the on-off policy. For both policies, we use the theory of discrete-time continuous-state Markov chains to analyze the limiting distribution of the stored energy for finite- and infinite-size energy buffers. We provide this limiting distribution in closed form for a Nakagami-m fading DL channel and analyze the outage probability for a Nakagami-m fading UL channel. All derived analytical results are not limited to EH via RF WPT but are applicable for any independent and identically distributed EH process, originating from e.g. solar and wind energy. Our results reveal that, for low outage probabilities, the best-effort policy is superior to the on-off policy and the optimal constant UL transmit power of the EH node that minimizes the outage probability is always less than the average harvested power but increases with the capacity of the energy buffer. The opposite behaviour is observed for high outage probabilities. Furthermore, we show that the minimum outage probability of the two proposed policies closely approaches the outage probability of the optimal offline power allocation policy.
研究动机与目标
- 设计适用于无因果能量收集(EH)配置或上行链路(UL)信道状态信息(CSI)知识的低复杂度在线传输策略。
- 在Nakagami-m衰落信道下,分析这些策略在能量缓冲器分布和中断概率方面的性能。
- 从中断性能和能量效率角度,比较尽力而为与开关式策略的性能。
- 证明所提出的策略相较于离线最优功率分配,可实现近似最优性能。
- 推导有限与无限容量缓冲器下能量缓冲器的极限分布及中断概率的闭式表达式。
提出的方法
- 将能量收集节点的能量缓冲器建模为离散时间连续状态的马尔可夫链,以分析其稳态能量分布。
- 采用伽马分布的能量收集过程,模拟从下行链路信号中接收射频能量。
- 应用积分方程和Volterra型公式,推导缓冲器能量的概率密度函数(pdf)及满容量处的原子概率。
- 利用稳态能量分布,推导上行链路中Nakagami-m衰落下的中断概率。
- 通过求解线性方程组,确定缓冲器能量分段pdf的系数,确保面积归一化。
- 在相同条件下比较尽力而为与开关式策略的性能,以评估其在能量使用与可靠性之间的权衡。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在能量缓冲器约束下,尽力而为策略与开关式策略在中断概率方面有何差异?
- RQ2缓冲器大小对最优发射功率和中断性能有何影响?
- RQ3在缺乏未来能量到达或信道状态信息的情况下,低复杂度在线策略能否实现近似最优性能?
- RQ4在Nakagami-m衰落下,能量缓冲器的极限分布是否存在闭式表达式?
- RQ5在何种条件下,于低能量状态下关闭传输可提升系统可靠性?
主要发现
- 在低至中等中断概率范围内,尽力而为策略的中断概率低于开关式策略。
- 最小化中断概率的最优恒定上行链路发射功率始终小于平均采集功率,但随缓冲器容量增加而上升。
- 在高中断概率情况下,开关式策略通过为未来传输机会保留能量,优于尽力而为策略。
- 尽管结构简单,两种策略均能实现近似最优的中断性能,非常接近离线最优功率分配所能达到的理论最小值。
- 针对Nakagami-m衰落信道,能量缓冲器的极限分布已推导出闭式表达式,为精确性能分析提供了支持。
- 所提出的分析框架具有通用性,适用于任意独立同分布的能量到达过程,包括太阳能和风能采集。
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