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[论文解读] Performance of LHAASO-WCDA and Observation of Crab Nebula as a Standard Candle

LHAASO collaboration|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 10, 2021
Geophysics and Gravity Measurements被引用 7
一句话总结

本文通过观测蟹状星云作为TeV伽马射线天文学中的标准烛光,评估了第一台LHAASO水契忍可夫探测器阵列(WCDA-1)的性能。利用10个月的数据,WCDA-1在5σ显著性水平下实现了每年65 mCU的灵敏度,具有优异的角度分辨率(3 TeV以上小于0.4°)和指向精度(小于0.05°),验证了其设计与校准。蟹状星云的测量能谱分布(SED)在0.5–15.8 TeV范围内与其他主要实验结果高度一致。

ABSTRACT

The first Water Cherenkov detector of the LHAASO experiment (WCDA-1) has been operating since April, 2019. The first 10 months of data have been analyzed to test its performance by observing the Crab Nebula as a standard candle. The WCDA-1 achieves the sensitivity of 65 mCU per year with a statistical threshold of 5 $σ$. In order to do so, 97.7\% cosmic ray background rejection rate around 1 TeV and 99.8\% around 6 TeV with an approximately photon acceptance about 50\% by using the $compactness$ of the shower footprints to be greater than 10 as the discriminator between gamma induced showers and the cosmic ray backgrounds. The angular resolution is measured using the Crab Nebula as a point source about 0.45$^\circ$ at 1 TeV and better than 0.2$^\circ$ above 6 TeV with the pointing accuracy better than 0.05$^\circ$. They are all matching the design specifications. The energy resolution is found 33\% for gamma rays around 6 TeV. The spectral energy distribution of the Crab Nebula in the range from 500 GeV and 15.8 TeV is measured and in agreement with results of other TeV gamma ray observatories.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用蟹状星云作为TeV伽马射线天文学中的标准烛光,验证第一台LHAASO水契忍可夫探测器阵列(WCDA-1)的性能。
  • 通过长期观测一个已知天体物理源,评估探测器的灵敏度、角度分辨率和指向精度。
  • 评估由于模拟假设和探测器稳定性导致的伽马射线能量重建与接受度估计中的系统不确定性。
  • 利用宇宙射线数据校准探测器响应,并通过实测簇射分布验证模拟模型。
  • 测量蟹状星云在0.5–15.8 TeV范围内的谱能分布(SED),并与其它主要伽马射线实验结果进行比较。

提出的方法

  • WCDA-1于2019年4月至10月收集了10个月的数据,使用900个光电倍增管(PMTs)探测空气簇射产生的契忍可夫光。
  • 采用基于电荷的簇射重建方法,通过0.3 PE和0.6 PE的阈值设定,评估能量标度的不确定性。
  • 通过逐单元精确校准探测器方向与时间,实现小于0.05°的指向精度和3 TeV以上小于0.4°的角度分辨率。
  • 通过匹配实测宇宙射线数据,对空气簇射与探测器模拟进行调优,从而估算有效面积与伽马射线接受度。
  • 通过比较两种宇宙射线成分假设下的模拟输出与实测数据,分析脉冲幅度分布差异,量化系统不确定性。
  • 利用能量重建与接受度修正方法重建蟹状星云的SED,系统误差通过阈值变化与模型对比进行估计。
Figure 1: Schematic of the WCDA layout. The lower two ponds are WCDA-1 and WCDA-2 from left to right, respectively, and the upper one is WCDA-3. The two dots in each detector unit indicate the PMTs, while the dashed lines represent the curtains between units. Two combinations of PMTs are used: 8” an
Figure 1: Schematic of the WCDA layout. The lower two ponds are WCDA-1 and WCDA-2 from left to right, respectively, and the upper one is WCDA-3. The two dots in each detector unit indicate the PMTs, while the dashed lines represent the curtains between units. Two combinations of PMTs are used: 8” an

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1WCDA-1在探测TeV伽马射线方面的灵敏度如何?是否达到设计规格?
  • RQ2WCDA-1在3 TeV以上伽马射线源方向的角度分辨率与指向方向精度如何?
  • RQ3探测器模拟、宇宙射线成分与簇射建模中的不确定性在多大程度上影响伽马射线能量标度与接受度估计?
  • RQ4WCDA-1测量的蟹状星云SED与其它主要伽马射线天文台结果的符合程度如何?
  • RQ5探测器稳定性与水体透明度变化在170个运行日内对电荷测量与探测效率的影响是什么?

主要发现

  • WCDA-1在5σ显著性水平下实现了每年65 mCU的灵敏度,与设计规格一致。
  • 3 TeV以上伽马射线到达方向的角度分辨率优于0.4°,指向精度优于0.05°。
  • 蟹状星云的谱能分布(SED)在0.5 TeV至15.8 TeV范围内被成功测量,与其它主要伽马射线实验结果高度一致。
  • SED的系统不确定性估计为${}^{+8}_{-24}$ %,主要源于簇射模拟、宇宙射线成分与能量标度校准的不确定性。
  • 由于PMT电荷随时间增加,对电荷测量应用了11%的修正,导致低脉冲事件在Q=0.3 PE时引入约8.8%的不确定性。
  • 两种宇宙射线成分假设在脉冲幅度分布建模中的差异,导致探测器效率估计的保守不确定性达16%。
Figure 2: A typical high energy shower event detected by WCDA-1. The top left panel shows the arrival time of the shower front at each cell. The units on the colour scale are ns. The top right panel shows the number of photoelectrons, N PE , recorded by the 8” PMT in each cell (bin) in which many sa
Figure 2: A typical high energy shower event detected by WCDA-1. The top left panel shows the arrival time of the shower front at each cell. The units on the colour scale are ns. The top right panel shows the number of photoelectrons, N PE , recorded by the 8” PMT in each cell (bin) in which many sa

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