[论文解读] Performance tradeoffs of dynamically controlled grid-connected inverters in low inertia power systems
本文提出iDroop,一种用于并网逆变器的动态下垂控制方法,采用一阶超前-滞后补偿以提升弱惯性电力系统中的性能。理论分析表明,iDroop通过联合缓解噪声、扰动和延迟影响,优于标准下垂控制与虚拟惯性控制;其中,超前补偿在应对扰动时最优,而滞后补偿在抑制噪声与延迟方面表现更佳。
Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as inverters do not intrinsically possess the natural response to power fluctuations that synchronous generators have. Thus, to synthetically generate this response, inverters need to take frequency measurements, which are usually noisy, and subsequently make changes in the output power, which are therefore delayed. This paper explores the system-wide performance tradeoffs that arise when measurement noise, power disturbances, and delayed actions are considered in the design of dynamic controllers for grid-connected inverters. Using a recently proposed dynamic droop (iDroop) control for grid-connected inverters, which is inspired by classical first order lead-lag compensation, we show that the sets of parameters that result in highest noise attenuation, power disturbance mitigation, and delay robustness do not necessarily have a common intersection. In particular, lead compensation is desired in systems where power disturbances are the predominant source of degradation, while lag compensation is a better alternative when the system is dominated by delays or frequency noise. Our analysis further shows that iDroop can outperform the standard droop alternative in both joint noise and disturbance mitigation, and delay robustness.
研究动机与目标
- 解决因可再生能源接入导致同步惯性降低所引发的弱惯性电力系统中的动态性能退化问题。
- 克服传统虚拟惯性和下垂控制的局限性,后者存在噪声放大与延迟鲁棒性差的问题。
- 设计一种利用逆变器速度与灵活性的控制器,使其在噪声、延迟和扰动环境中优于传统方法。
- 分析逆变器控制设计中噪声抑制、扰动缓解与延迟鲁棒性之间的权衡关系。
- 通过H₂范数分析与延迟鲁棒性表征,为iDroop的优越性能提供理论依据。
提出的方法
- 将电力网络形式化为母线动态(P)与网络动态(N)之间的反馈互联系统,其中逆变器通过线性时不变传递函数建模。
- 提出iDroop作为采用一阶超前-滞后补偿的动态下垂控制,受数据网络控制律启发,以模拟期望的频率响应特性。
- 利用H₂范数分析系统性能,量化噪声与扰动抑制效果,在参数同质假设下推导出闭式表达式。
- 应用缠绕数条件与奈奎斯特判据评估延迟鲁棒性,推导出最大稳定延迟的精确值与下界表达式。
- 通过可交换矩阵的谱分析计算闭环传递函数的特征值,实现性能评估的可处理性。
- 通过H₂性能理论界与延迟容限的对比,将iDroop与标准下垂控制及虚拟惯性控制进行比较。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1测量噪声、功率扰动与通信延迟如何相互作用,导致弱惯性系统中逆变器控制性能下降?
- RQ2iDroop在联合抑制噪声与扰动方面,相较于标准下垂控制与虚拟惯性控制,性能提升程度如何?
- RQ3iDroop的延迟鲁棒性如何?其性能受控制器参数(如超前/滞后时间常数)的影响如何?
- RQ4在何种条件下,超前补偿在扰动抑制与噪声抑制方面优于滞后补偿?
- RQ5iDroop能否实现对噪声、扰动与延迟的联合鲁棒性?其根本权衡关系是什么?
主要发现
- 与标准下垂控制和虚拟惯性控制相比,iDroop在联合抑制噪声与扰动方面实现了更优的H₂性能。
- 当功率扰动占主导时,iDroop中的超前补偿最为理想,显著提升扰动抑制能力。
- iDroop中的滞后补偿在抑制频率测量噪声方面表现最优,并增强延迟鲁棒性,符合稳定性要求。
- 当系统受噪声主导时,iDroop的延迟鲁棒性在滞后补偿下达到最大值,若阻尼超过临界阈值,可实现任意大的稳定延迟裕量。
- 噪声抑制、扰动抑制与延迟鲁棒性的联合优化受到冲突参数需求的限制,尤其在扰动占主导时更为显著。
- 推导出延迟鲁棒性的简化下界:τ_rob ≥ (mπ)/(2√(a² + 2mλₙ)),其中a = ν(当δ=0时)或a = r_r⁻¹(当δ→∞时),表明减小ν可提升延迟容忍度,但会增加对噪声的敏感性。
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