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[论文解读] Physical Drivers of Emission Line Diversity of SDSS Seyfert 2s and LINERs After Removal of Contributions by Star Formation

Christopher J. Agostino, Samir Salim|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 17, 2021
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 164被引用 32
一句话总结

本研究利用doppelgänger方法,从约100,000个SDSS Seyfert 2和LINER中去除恒星形成对发射线的污染,揭示出内在物理多样性——尤其是电离参数、金属丰度和辐射场硬度——是[NII] BPT图中观测到的线比值分布范围的主要原因,而非与恒星形成区域的混合。研究识别出两类不同的LINER群体:软LINER和硬LINER,Seyfert 2s则主要在更高的电离参数上有所区别。

ABSTRACT

Ionization sources other than HII regions give rise to the right-hand branch in the standard ([NII]) BPT diagram, populated by Seyfert 2s and LINERs. However, because the majority of Seyfert/LINER hosts are star forming (SF), HII regions contaminate the observed lines to some extent, making it unclear if the position along the branch is merely due to various degrees of mixing between pure Seyfert/LINER and SF, or whether it reflects the intrinsic diversity of Seyfert/LINER ionizing sources. In this study, we empirically remove SF contributions in ~100,000 Seyfert/LINERs from SDSS using the doppelganger method. We find that mixing is not the principal cause of the extended morphology of the observed branch. Rather, Seyferts/LINERs intrinsically have a wide range of line ratios. Variations in ionization parameter and metallicity can account for much of the diversity of Seyfert/LINER line ratios, but the hardness of ionization field also varies significantly. Furthermore, our k-means classification on seven decontaminated emission lines reveals that LINERs are made up of two populations, which we call soft and hard LINERs. The Seyfert 2s differ from both types of LINERs primarily by higher ionization parameter, whereas the two LINER types mainly differ from each other (and from star-forming regions) in the hardness of the radiation field. We confirm that the [NII] BPT diagram more efficiently identifies LINERs than [SII] and [OI] diagnostics, because in the latter many LINERs, especially soft ones, occupy the same location as pure star-formers, even after the SF has been removed from LINER emission.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过去除恒星形成贡献,分离Seyfert 2和LINER中的内在发射线比值。
  • 确定[NII] BPT分支的延伸形态是否主要由与恒星形成区域的混合引起,还是源于内在物理多样性。
  • 在去污染后,基于发射线特性对LINER进行分类,识别其不同群体。
  • 评估电离场硬度和宿主星系特性在塑造观测到的线比值中的作用。

提出的方法

  • 通过doppelgänger方法,按恒星种群和尘埃含量匹配,经验性地去除恒星形成贡献。
  • 对七个去污染后的发射线比值应用k-means聚类,以识别内在亚型。
  • 利用模型网格解释线比值对电离参数(U)和金属丰度(Z)的依赖关系。
  • 通过彩色图分析电离场硬度与宿主星系特性(sSFR、M*)之间的关系。
  • 比较[NII]、[SII]和[OI]诊断方法在去除恒星形成污染后识别LINER的有效性。
  • 通过对比内在线比值与观测值,并评估污染引起的偏移,验证结果。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1Seyfert 2和LINER中[NII] BPT分支的延伸形态,主要是由与恒星形成区域的混合引起,还是源于内在物理多样性?
  • RQ2哪些物理参数——电离参数、金属丰度、辐射场硬度——最能解释Seyfert 2和LINER中内在线比值的多样性?
  • RQ3LINER是否构成单一群体,还是存在具有不同电离源的多个亚型?
  • RQ4在去除恒星形成污染后,[NII]、[SII]和[OI]诊断方法在识别LINER方面有何比较优势?
  • RQ5电离场硬度与宿主星系特性(如sSFR和恒星质量)之间存在何种关系?

主要发现

  • 观测到的[NII] BPT分支沿线的展宽主要源于电离参数和金属丰度的内在物理多样性,而非恒星形成的污染。
  • 在去除恒星形成影响后,Seyfert/LINER分支的形态基本保持不变,表明内在展宽占主导地位。
  • Seyfert 2和LINER表现出广泛的辐射场硬度范围,这无法仅通过双参数模型(U和Z)完全捕捉。
  • LINER由两个截然不同的群体组成:软LINER(硬度较低)和硬LINER(硬度较高),后者在电离特性上与Seyfert 2更为相似。
  • [NII] BPT图在识别LINER,尤其是软LINER方面,比[SII]或[OI]诊断更有效,即使在去除恒星形成污染后依然如此。
  • 软LINER和硬LINER的宿主星系覆盖了广泛的sSFR范围,而Seyfert 2和软LINER则主要为恒星形成星系,暗示电离机制可能具有暂态或演化特性。

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