[论文解读] Piezoelectric Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing of Rat Fibroblast Cells: Survivability Study and Pattern Printing
本研究开发了一套定制的压电式按需液滴喷墨系统,用于打印L929大鼠成纤维细胞,探究喷嘴直径和液滴速度对细胞存活率的影响。主要发现表明,在36 µm喷嘴和16 m/s速度下,喷射过程中的剪切应力使细胞存活率从95%降至76%;而使用较大喷嘴时,细胞存活率保持较高水平,且打印后的细胞在胶原蛋白基底上成功黏附并持续增殖5天。
A novel piezoelectric, drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet system has been developed and used to print L929 rat fibroblast cells. We investigate the survivability of the cells subjected to the large stresses during the printing process. These stresses are varied by changing the diameter of the orifice (36 to 119 microns) through which the cells are dispensed, as well as changing the electrical pulse used to drive the piezoelectric element. It is shown that for the smallest 36 microns diameter orifice, cell survival rates fall from 95% to approximately 76% when the ejection velocity is increased from 2 to 16 m/s. This decrease in survival rates is less significant when the larger orifice diameters of 81 microns and 119 microns are used. Analysis shows that there is a clear inverse relationship between cell survival rates and the mean shear rates during drop formation. By using the same printing set-up, fibroblast cells are printed onto alginate and collagen into patterns. Printed cells are cultured over a period of days to verify their long-term viability. Fibroblasts printed onto the collagen are found to successfully adhere, spread and proliferate, subsequently forming a denser patterns after 5 days in culture. Cell agglomeration is found to affect the printing performance, especially for the printhead with the smallest orifice, leading to frequent clogging of the nozzle. We also study the number of cells in each droplet, when printed under optimal conditions. The probability density of this number follows a binomial distribution, which consistent with a uniform distribution of cells in the medium and within the printhead.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种具有可调喷孔直径的定制压电式按需喷墨系统,以在受控剪切应力下研究细胞存活率。
- 研究液滴速度和喷嘴直径对L929大鼠成纤维细胞在喷墨打印过程中存活率的影响。
- 评估细胞在海藻酸盐和胶原蛋白基底上打印后的长期存活率、黏附性和增殖能力。
- 量化每滴中的细胞分布,以优化打印的一致性细胞输送,避免出现无细胞液滴。
- 识别影响细胞存活率和打印可靠性的关键参数,特别是易发生堵塞的小孔喷嘴。
提出的方法
- 设计了一款定制的挤压式压电打印头,可更换玻璃喷嘴,孔径分别为36、81和119 µm。
- 通过JetDrive™ III控制器施加可变电压脉冲(52–140 V)控制液滴喷射,实现对液滴速度(2–16 m/s)的精确调节。
- 采用活/死染色法评估细胞存活率,使用钙黄绿素AM(绿色,活细胞)和乙啶同源二聚体-1(红色,死细胞),并通过荧光显微镜进行定量分析。
- 将细胞打印至1.0%海藻酸盐薄膜(100 µm厚)和0.3%胶原蛋白凝胶(2 mm厚)上,1小时后更换培养基以防止脱水。
- 根据液滴速度和喷孔几何形状计算液滴形成过程中的剪切速率,并与存活率进行相关性分析。
- 采用二项分布对每滴中的细胞数量进行建模,以评估分布均匀性并优化油墨中的细胞浓度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1喷嘴直径(36–119 µm)如何影响L929大鼠成纤维细胞在压电喷墨打印过程中的存活率?
- RQ2液滴喷射速度(2–16 m/s)与细胞存活率之间存在何种关系,特别是在高剪切应力条件下?
- RQ3液滴形成过程中的剪切应力与观察到的细胞死亡率之间有何关联?
- RQ4打印后的L929成纤维细胞是否能在胶原蛋白和海藻酸盐基底上成功黏附、铺展并在5天培养期内增殖?
- RQ5每滴中细胞数的概率分布是什么?该分布如何反映油墨均匀性及细胞浓度?
主要发现
- 在36 µm喷嘴下,当液滴速度从2 m/s增加到16 m/s时,细胞存活率从95%下降至约76%,表明剪切应力导致显著损伤。
- 对于较大的喷嘴(81 µm和119 µm),随着速度增加,存活率下降趋势较缓,表明剪切应力暴露较低。
- 在液滴形成过程中的平均剪切速率与细胞存活率之间观察到明显的反比关系,证实剪切应力是导致细胞死亡的主要因素。
- 打印至胶原蛋白基底的成纤维细胞成功黏附、铺展并增殖,培养5天后形成更密集的细胞图案。
- 细胞聚集导致喷嘴频繁堵塞,尤其在36 µm喷嘴中更为明显,降低了打印可靠性。
- 每滴中的细胞数量服从二项分布,与油墨及打印头内细胞分布均匀一致。
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