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[论文解读] Power Analysis Based Side Channel Attack

Hasindu Gamaarachchi, Harsha Ganegoda|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 3, 2018
Cryptographic Implementations and Security参考文献 9被引用 22
一句话总结

本文提出了一套实用的功耗分析侧信道攻击测试平台,成功在10分钟内恢复AES密钥,在1小时内恢复了最近发布的Speck算法密钥。该研究评估了电路级与软件级防护措施,发现软件方法(如随机指令注入和S盒混淆)显著优于硬件滤波器,同时提出一种硬件真随机数生成器以提升防护措施中随机性的种子质量。

ABSTRACT

Power analysis is a branch of side channel attacks where power consumption data is used as the side channel to attack the system. First using a device like an oscilloscope power traces are collected when the cryptographic device is doing the cryptographic operation. Then those traces are statistically analysed using methods such as Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) to derive the secret key of the system. Being possible to break Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in few minutes, power analysis attacks have become a serious security issue for cryptographic devices such as smart card. As the first phase of our project, we build a testbed for doing research on power analysis attacks. As power analysis is a practical type of attack in order to do any research, a testbed is the first requirement. Since building a test bed is a complicated process, having a pre-built testbed would save the time of future researchers. The second phase of our project is to attack the latest cryptographic algorithm called Speck which has been released by National Security Agency (NSA) for use in embedded systems. In spite it has lot of differences to AES making impossible to directly use the power analysis approach used for AES, we introduce novel approaches to break Speck in less than an hour. In the third phase of the project, we select few already introduced countermeasures and practically attack them on our testbed to do a comparative analysis. We show that software countermeasures such as random instruction injection and randomly shuffling S-boxes are good enough for their simplicity and cost. But we identify the possible threat due to the problem of generating a good seed for the pseudo-random algorithm running on the microcontroller. We attempt to address this issue by using a hardware-based true random generator that amplifies a random electrical signal and samples to generate a proper seed.

研究动机与目标

  • 构建一个功能完整、可重复使用的嵌入式密码系统功耗分析侧信道攻击测试平台。
  • 展示尽管Speck算法与AES存在差异,仍可利用功耗分析成功破解由美国国家安全局设计的最新Speck密码。
  • 评估并比较现有及新型电路级与软件级防护措施在抵御功耗分析攻击方面的有效性。
  • 通过提出并测试一种硬件真随机数生成器,解决微控制器防护措施中伪随机种子生成的关键问题。

提出的方法

  • 测试平台采用PIC18F2550微控制器执行密码运算,使用数字示波器采集功耗轨迹,并通过自制PCB板上的地线与VDD电阻法实现功耗测量。
  • 对AES加密过程中采集的功耗轨迹应用相关功耗分析(CPA),通过统计中间值与功耗消耗的相关性,实现对密钥的恢复。
  • 针对Speck,由于缺乏S盒且密钥调度机制不同,开发了新型攻击策略;攻击利用轮密钥推导与基于数据相关操作(如ROTATE和ADD)的相关性分析。
  • 电路级防护措施包括无源滤波器(LC、RC)、稳压器、齐纳二极管、运算放大器及恒流源,均经测试以评估其对CPA的抗性。
  • 软件防护措施包括随机指令注入与S盒混淆,同时设计了一种基于反向偏置晶体管放大噪声的真随机种子生成器。
  • 实现双模式种子生成机制:一种通过数字引脚采样数字化噪声信号,另一种通过模拟引脚进行连续模拟采样,均通过频谱分析与傅里叶谱分析验证。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否构建一个低成本、可重复使用的测试平台,以支持功耗分析攻击的实用化研究?
  • RQ2尽管Speck算法与AES在设计上存在差异,其是否仍易受功耗分析攻击影响?
  • RQ3现有及新型电路级防护措施在防止功耗分析攻击方面的有效性如何?
  • RQ4软件防护措施(如随机指令注入与S盒混淆)是否能在极低硬件开销下提供强保护?
  • RQ5基于硬件的真随机数生成器能否提升嵌入式防护措施中伪随机种子的安全性?

主要发现

  • 测试平台在10分钟内成功恢复AES密钥,验证了其功能完整性与未来研究的可重用性。
  • 通过针对S盒缺失与独特操作(如ROTATE和ADD)定制的新型攻击技术,Speck在1小时内被成功破解。
  • 所有测试的无源电路滤波器(包括二阶LC滤波器)均于5小时内被攻破,表明其对功耗分析防护不足。
  • 在自定义电路方法中,防护效果最长仅维持4小时,证实电路级防护难以抵御高级功耗分析攻击。
  • 随机指令注入显著延长攻击时间,100条注入指令估计需超过20天才能攻破,优于所有电路级防护方法。
  • 所提出的基于放大晶体管噪声的真随机种子生成器产生高质量随机性,经频谱分布与傅里叶谱分析验证,有效解决了伪随机种子生成中的关键弱点。

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