[论文解读] Power indices of influence games and new centrality measures for social networks
本文提出了四种新的中心性度量——Banzhaf、Shapley-Shubik、努力和满意度——这些度量源自社会网络中的影响博弈,其中影响基于节点阈值传播。研究表明,这些度量与传统指标相比提供了截然不同、常常存在分歧的中心性排序,为网络中结构性影响和决策角色提供了新的见解。
In social network analysis, there is a common perception that influence is relevant to determine the global behavior of the society and thus it can be used to enforce cooperation by targeting an adequate initial set of individuals or to analyze global choice processes. Here we propose centrality measures that can be used to analyze the relevance of the actors in process related to spread of influence. In [39] it was considered a multiagent system in which the agents are eager to perform a collective task depending on the perception of the willingness to perform the task of other individuals. The setting is modeled using a notion of simple games called influence games. Those games are defined on graphs were the nodes are labeled by their influence threshold and the spread of influence between its nodes is used to determine whether a coalition is winning or not. Influence games provide tools to measure the importance of the actors of a social network by means of classic power indices and provide a framework to consider new centrality criteria. In this paper we consider two of the most classical power indices, i.e., Banzhaf and Shapley-Shubik indices, as centrality measures for social networks in influence games. Although there is some work related to specific scenarios of game-theoretic networks, here we use such indices as centrality measures in any social network where the spread of influence phenomenon can be applied. Further, we define new centrality measures such as satisfaction and effort that, as far as we know, have not been considered so far. We also perform a comparison of the proposed measures with other three classic centrality measures, degree, closeness and betweenness, considering three social networks. We show that in some cases our measurements provide centrality hierarchies similar to those of other measures, while in other cases provide different hierarchies.
研究动机与目标
- 通过将权力指数应用于网络中的影响传播,弥合社会网络分析与合作博弈论之间的鸿沟。
- 基于影响博弈动态,定义此前未被考虑过的新型中心性度量——努力和满意度。
- 在现实世界的社会网络中,评估这些新度量与经典中心性度量相比的性能和独特性。
- 证明权力指数和新度量能够提供与度数、接近度和介数中心性不同的、有时更具洞察力的中心性排序,尤其在特定网络结构中。
提出的方法
- 将社会网络建模为影响博弈,其中节点具有影响阈值,影响沿边基于可达性传播。
- 应用经典权力指数——Banzhaf和Shapley-Shubik——以基于节点在获胜联盟中的关键作用来衡量其重要性。
- 将努力中心性定义为使某节点的激活在达到配额时成为决定性因素所需的最小影响。
- 将满意度中心性定义为:当某节点被加入时,使其成为赢得失败联盟的关键节点的比例。
- 使用真实世界网络(学生会、猴子互动关系等)计算并比较所有中心性度量。
- 在不同网络中进行定量比较,以评估中心性排序的一致性与差异性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在基于影响的网络中,Banzhaf和Shapley-Shubik权力指数与传统中心性度量相比,在识别关键节点方面表现如何?
- RQ2新度量——努力和满意度——在多大程度上捕捉了度数、接近度或介数中心性未反映的结构性角色?
- RQ3在哪些网络配置中,新中心性度量与经典度量产生显著不同的排序?
- RQ4努力和满意度中心性能否有效识别边和顶点带标签的有向图中的关键影响者,其中标准度量存在局限?
- RQ5关键节点(如总理、顾问)的中心性排序在多大程度上与它们在实际决策过程中的角色一致?
主要发现
- 在配额q=6的学生会网络中,Banzhaf中心性和接近度中心性度量产生了完全不同的节点排序,且排名靠前的节点无重叠。
- 节点1、3和10由于高可达性而具有高接近度中心性,但Banzhaf中心性较低,表明它们在获胜联盟中并非关键节点。
- 总理(节点2)尽管在网络结构中是中心人物,但Banzhaf和Shapley-Shubik中心性较低,因其受众多其他节点影响。
- 满意度中心性度量将总理识别为极具影响力,因为他属于众多失败联盟,表明其在联盟形成中的关键作用。
- 努力中心性凸显了如部长6等节点的低中心性,因其激活成本高,即使在结构上连接紧密,显示出对影响阈值的敏感性。
- 在猴子互动网络中,努力中心性产生了与传统度量不同的排序,表明其能够检测到尽管连通性中等但影响成本高的节点。
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