[论文解读] Probing the role of protostellar feedback in clustered star formation. Mapping outflows in the collapsing protocluster NGC 2264-C
本研究利用IRAM 30米望远镜的HERA混频阵列对NGC 2264-C原恒星团中的原恒星喷流进行12CO(2–1)、13CO(2–1)和C18O(2–1)谱线观测,探测到11个由Class 0型原恒星驱动的喷流瓣。尽管喷流对局部湍流有显著贡献,但其总动量通量仍不足以支撑团块抵抗整体引力坍缩,表明目前引力主导动力学过程;然而,未来恒星形成爆发可能触发反馈驱动的坍缩停止。
The role played by protostellar feedback in clustered star formation is still a matter of debate. In particular, protostellar outflows have been proposed as a source of turbulence in cluster-forming clumps, which may provide support against global collapse for several free-fall times. Here, we seek to test the above hypothesis in the case of the well-documented NGC 2264-C protocluster, byquantifying the amount of turbulence and support injected in the surrounding medium by protostellar outflows. Using the HERA heterodyne array on the IRAM 30m telescope, we carried out an extensive mapping of NGC 2264-C in the three molecular line transitions 12CO(2-1), 13CO(2-1), and C18O(2-1). We found widespread high-velocity 12CO emission, testifying to the presence of eleven outflow lobes, closely linked to the compact millimeter continuum sources previously detected in the protocluster. We carried out a detailed analysis of the dynamical parameters of these outflows, including a quantitative evaluation of the overall momentum flux injected in the cluster-forming clump. These dynamical parameters were compared to the gravitational and turbulent properties of the clump. We show that the population of protostellar outflows identified in NGC 2264-C are likely to contribute a significant fraction of the observed turbulence but cannot efficiently support the protocluster against global collapse. Gravity appears to largely dominate the dynamics of the NGC 2264-C clump at the present time. It is however possible that an increase in the star formation rate during the further evolution of the protocluster will trigger sufficient outflows to finally halt the contraction of the cloud.
研究动机与目标
- 检验原恒星喷流是否能提供足够的动量通量以抵抗团块的整体引力坍缩。
- 量化喷流对NGC 2264-C原恒星团中湍流与动量的动态影响。
- 评估原恒星反馈在早期演化阶段的高密度、坍缩中等原恒星团中调节恒星形成的作用。
- 评估喷流是否足以解释团块中观测到的机械能和动量,或是否需要其他力(如磁场)的参与。
提出的方法
- 利用IRAM 30米望远镜的HERA混频阵列,对NGC 2264-C进行高分辨率12CO(2–1)、13CO(2–1)和C18O(2–1)映射观测。
- 通过高速CO发射识别喷流瓣,并通过运动学分析确定喷流特性,如速度、长度、动量和动量通量。
- 使用Bontemps等人(1996)提出的经验关系F_flows ∝ M_env,估算来自原恒星包层的动量通量,包括未探测到的低质量源。
- 利用P_max = F_max × τ计算原恒星寿命期间的总动量注入,其中τ ≈ 10^5 yr为特征演化 timescale。
- 通过团块质量估计和维里平衡估算,将总动量通量与支持团块所需的引力作用力进行比较。
- 通过估算恒星形成率(SFR)及其对应的动量注入,评估未来反馈的潜力,若坍缩触发爆发。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1NGC 2264-C中的原恒星喷流能否提供足够的动量通量以抵抗团块的整体引力坍缩?
- RQ2NGC 2264-C中观测到的和推断出的喷流群体总机械功率和动量通量是多少?
- RQ3NGC 2264-C中观测到的湍流与原恒星喷流驱动的湍流及引力收缩驱动的湍流相比如何?
- RQ4当前的喷流反馈是否足以解释团块的动力学状态,还是需要额外的力(如磁场)?
- RQ5未来恒星形成率的增加是否可能使喷流反馈最终停止NGC 2264-C的整体坍缩?
主要发现
- 探测到11个高速CO(2–1)喷流瓣,其投影速度在∼10 km/s至∼30 km/s之间,长度从∼0.2 pc至∼0.8 pc,动量通量范围为∼0.5×10⁻⁵至∼50×10⁻⁵ M⊙.km.s⁻¹.yr⁻¹。
- 三个具有明确驱动源的喷流——C-MM1、C-MM2和C-MM13——与典型的Class 0型原恒星一致,其包层质量M_env ∼2–40 M⊙,最终恒星质量∼2–8 M⊙。
- 喷流网络的总机械功率为L_tot = 0.7 ± 0.5 L⊙,表明其对团块中观测到的湍流有显著贡献。
- 即使考虑未探测到的低质量喷流,总动量通量F_max ∼5×10⁻³ M⊙.km.s⁻¹.yr⁻¹仍远低于支持团块抵抗整体坍缩所需水平,低约一个数量级。
- NGC 2264-C中单位恒星质量的平均喷流动量约为∼10 km.s⁻¹,约为Nakamura & Li(2007)模拟中假设值的五分之一,表明当前反馈处于亚临界状态。
- 未来恒星形成爆发可能使SFR增至∼1.5×10⁻³ M⊙.yr⁻¹,从而可能将动量注入提升至∼15×10⁻³ M⊙.km.s⁻¹.yr⁻¹——与支持所需量同量级——表明反馈最终可能停止坍缩。
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