Skip to main content
QUICK REVIEW

[论文解读] Programmable RO (PRO): A Multipurpose Countermeasure against Side-channel and Fault Injection Attack

Yuan Yao, Pantea Kiaei|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 25, 2021
Cryptographic Implementations and Security被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出可编程环形振荡器(PRO),一种低开销、多功能的硬件原原子,可同时提供主动侧信道防护与实时故障注入检测。通过动态调节振荡频率以注入电源噪声,并监测片上PRO阵列中的频率偏移,该方法可检测电磁与电源毛刺故障,同时显著降低基于功耗的侧信道泄漏,在FPGA原型上实现了100%的故障检测准确率。

ABSTRACT

Side-channel and fault injection attacks reveal secret information by monitoring or manipulating the physical effects of computations involving secret variables. Circuit-level countermeasures help to deter these attacks, and traditionally such countermeasures have been developed for each attack vector separately. We demonstrate a multipurpose ring oscillator design - Programmable Ring Oscillator (PRO) to address both fault attacks and side-channel attacks in a generic, application-independent manner. PRO, as an integrated primitive, can provide on-chip side-channel resistance, power monitoring, and fault detection capabilities to a secure design. We present a grid of PROs monitoring the on-chip power network to detect anomalies. Such power anomalies may be caused by external factors such as electromagnetic fault injection and power glitches, as well as by internal factors such as hardware Trojans. By monitoring the frequency of the ring oscillators, we are able to detect the on-chip power anomaly in time as well as in location. Moreover, we show that the PROs can also inject a random noise pattern into a design's power consumption. By randomly switching the frequency of a ring oscillator, the resulting power-noise pattern significantly reduces the power-based side-channel leakage of a cipher. We discuss the design of PRO and present measurement results on a Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA prototype, and we show that side-channel and fault vulnerabilities can be addressed at a low cost by introducing PRO to the design. We conclude that PRO can serve as an application-independent, multipurpose countermeasure.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决缺乏通用、低开销的电路级防护机制,以同时抵御侧信道攻击与故障注入攻击的问题。
  • 实现与应用无关的片上电源网络异常监测,由电磁、电源或内部故障注入引起。
  • 通过可编程频率调制实现主动噪声注入,降低基于功耗的侧信道泄漏。
  • 构建可扩展的实时安全监控网络,利用PRO阵列实现对片上电源动态的时空覆盖。
  • 在基于FPGA的真实原型上,验证PRO的可行性与有效性,实现可测量的检测与屏蔽性能。

提出的方法

  • 设计一种可编程环形振荡器(PRO),其振荡频率可由用户控制,用于向电路中注入随机电源噪声。
  • 通过读取计数器值,将片上PRO用作电源传感器,以推断实时频率变化,从而指示电源异常。
  • 在FPGA版图上部署由36个PRO组成的网格,以实现对电源分配网络(PDN)波动的空间分辨监测。
  • 通过UART实现实时计数器监控,以检测因故障注入导致的异常频率偏移或计数器溢出。
  • 将PRO集成到安全设计中,通过随机化功耗模式来掩盖侧信道泄漏。
  • 利用参考计数器与频率计算,实现在正常与攻击条件下对PRO行为的精确、连续监控。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1单一可编程硬件原原子是否能以低面积与功耗开销,有效防御侧信道攻击与故障注入攻击?
  • RQ2环形振荡器的动态频率调制在多大程度上可降低密码电路中基于功耗的侧信道泄漏?
  • RQ3PRO阵列能否实现对PDN上电磁故障注入与电源毛刺的实时、空间定位检测?
  • RQ4PRO计数器在故障注入攻击期间,对频率偏移或计数器溢出等故障引起的异常,检测精度如何?
  • RQ5基于PRO的监控网络能否集成到SoC等更大规模系统中,实现全面的运行时安全防护?

主要发现

  • PRO设计通过注入随机频率噪声,成功掩盖了侧信道泄漏,显著降低了基于功耗的侧信道信息泄漏。
  • PRO阵列在电磁故障注入(EMFI)攻击中实现了100%的检测率,可观测到频率偏移与计数器溢出事件。
  • 在32个PRO中持续观察到频率分布偏移,其中RO-23至RO-27及RO-31至RO-36在注入故障时,计数器值出现极端跳变,达到约4.08×10⁷ MHz。
  • 基于PRO的监控网络实现了对片上电源异常的时空覆盖,可检测特定位置(如版图中的位置-3)的故障。
  • 原型表明,单一PRO结构可同时实现侧信道防护与故障检测,且面积与功耗开销极小。
  • 该方法支持实时、用户可控的PRO监控与配置,可集成于复杂SoC设计中,实现运行时安全防护。

更好的研究,从现在开始

从阅读论文到最终审阅,大幅缩短您的研究时间。

无需绑定信用卡

本解读由 AI 生成,并经人工编辑审核。