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[论文解读] Provably Safe and Robust Drone Routing via Sequential Path Planning: A Case Study in San Francisco and the Bay Area

Mo Chen, Somil Bansal|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 10, 2017
Robotic Path Planning Algorithms参考文献 24被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出一种基于哈密顿-雅可比可达性的顺序路径规划(SPP)方法,可在城市环境中实现可证明安全、鲁棒且可扩展的多架无人机路由。通过为车辆分配严格优先级,并将高优先级无人机视为动态障碍物,SPP 实现了线性计算复杂度,从而在强风扰动下,高效地实现大规模系统(如旧金山和湾区)的无碰撞轨迹规划。

ABSTRACT

Provably safe and scalable multi-vehicle path planning is an important and urgent problem due to the expected increase of automation in civilian airspace in the near future. Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) reachability is an ideal tool for analyzing such safety-critical systems and has been successfully applied to several small-scale problems. However, a direct application of HJ reachability to large scale systems is often intractable because of its exponentially-scaling computation complexity with respect to system dimension, also known as the "curse of dimensionality". To overcome this problem, the sequential path planning (SPP) method, which assigns strict priorities to vehicles, was previously proposed; SPP allows multi-vehicle path planning to be done with a linearly-scaling computation complexity. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of SPP algorithm for large-scale systems. In particular, we simulate large-scale multi-vehicle systems in two different urban environments, a city environment and a multi-city environment, and use the SPP algorithm for trajectory planning. SPP is able to efficiently design collision-free trajectories in both environments despite the presence of disturbances in vehicles' dynamics. To ensure a safe transition of vehicles to their destinations, our method automatically allocates space-time reservations to vehicles while accounting for the magnitude of disturbances such as wind in a provably safe way. Our simulation results show an intuitive multi-lane structure in airspace, where the number of lanes and the distance between the lanes depend on the size of disturbances and other problem parameters.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在数千架无人机运行的背景下,对可扩展、可证明安全的路径规划的迫切需求。
  • 克服高维多车辆系统中哈密顿-雅可比可达性分析的维度灾难问题。
  • 在存在风扰动和通信故障等动态扰动的情况下,确保安全性和目标达成。
  • 通过时空轨迹分配实现直观的多车道空域结构。
  • 在旧金山和湾区等真实城市环境中,展示方法的可扩展性和鲁棒性。

提出的方法

  • 为无人机分配严格优先级,将联合路径规划问题解耦为顺序的单体车辆问题。
  • 使用哈密顿-雅可比可达性分析,为每架飞行器计算可证明安全且动态可行的轨迹。
  • 将高优先级车辆视为随时间变化的移动障碍物,供低优先级车辆使用。
  • 将扰动边界(如最大 11 m/s 的风)纳入可达集,以确保鲁棒性。
  • 采用 RTT 算法,结合 CUDA 加速,实现基于水平集的高效可达性计算。
  • 生成时空预留,通过时间和空间分离确保安全过渡并避免冲突。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于可达性分析的顺序路径规划能否实现大规模城市无人机运行的可扩展、可证明安全的路由?
  • RQ2扰动边界(如风)如何影响无人机路由中多车道空域结构的形成?
  • RQ3在 300 km² 城市环境中,对 200 架以上无人机,SPP 的计算可行性如何?
  • RQ4到达时间调度如何影响从时间分离到状态分离轨迹模式的过渡?
  • RQ5在强风扰动和高车辆密度条件下,SPP 方法能否保持安全性和目标达成?

主要发现

  • SPP 算法在旧金山湾区 300 km² 区域内,成功为 200 架无人机生成了无碰撞轨迹,即使在强风(11 m/s)条件下也表现稳定。
  • 空域中清晰地形成了多车道结构,每对城市之间有两条车道(双向各一),这主要得益于时间分离的预定到达。
  • 在轨迹交叉的高密度中心区域,算法通过确保任一飞行器不进入其他飞行器的危险区域,维持了安全性。
  • 当所有飞行器具有相同的预定到达时间时,城市对之间出现了多条车道,表明呈现出状态分离的轨迹行为。
  • 每架飞行器的平均计算时间为 4 分钟,使用 GPU 加速的水平集工具完成,所有计算均离线执行,实时运行仅需查表。
  • 该方法实现了与飞行器数量呈线性关系的计算复杂度,从而支持大规模城市无人机运行的可扩展性。

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