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[论文解读] Quantifying and Generalizing the CAP Theorem

Edward A. Lee, Soroush Bateni|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 16, 2021
Distributed systems and fault tolerance参考文献 35被引用 6
一句话总结

本文通过将CAP定理中的二元‘分区容错性’替换为连续的明显延迟(L)度量,推广了Brewer的CAP定理,提出了CAL定理——即不一致性、不可用性和延迟之间的定量关系。作者使用Lingua Franca协调语言形式化了权衡关系,通过集中式协调实现不一致性的有界控制,或通过去中心化协调实现不可用性的有界控制,并在网络故障下通过故障处理程序实现优雅降级。

ABSTRACT

In distributed applications, Brewer's CAP theorem tells us that when networks become partitioned, there is a tradeoff between consistency and availability. Consistency is agreement on the values of shared variables across a system, and availability is the ability to respond to reads and writes accessing those shared variables. We quantify these concepts, giving numerical values to inconsistency and unavailability. Recognizing that network partitioning is not an all-or-nothing proposition, we replace the P in CAP with L, a numerical measure of apparent latency, and derive the CAL theorem, an algebraic relation between inconsistency, unavailability, and apparent latency. This relation shows that if latency becomes unbounded (e.g., the network becomes partitioned), then one of inconsistency and unavailability must also become unbounded, and hence the CAP theorem is a special case of the CAL theorem. We describe two distributed coordination mechanisms, which we have implemented as an extension of the Lingua Franca coordination language, that support arbitrary tradeoffs between consistency and availability as apparent latency varies. With centralized coordination, inconsistency remains bounded by a chosen numerical value at the cost that unavailability becomes unbounded under network partitioning. With decentralized coordination, unavailability remains bounded by a chosen numerical quantity at the cost that inconsistency becomes unbounded under network partitioning. Our centralized coordination mechanism is an extension of techniques that have historically been used for distributed simulation, an application where consistency is paramount. Our decentralized coordination mechanism is an extension of techniques that have been used in distributed databases when availability is paramount.

研究动机与目标

  • 形式化分布式系统中一致性与可用性之间权衡关系,超越CAP定理的二元权衡。
  • 用连续的明显延迟(L)度量替代CAP定中的‘全部或无’网络分区(P),以支持定量分析。
  • 设计协调机制,使程序员能够在不同延迟条件下指定有界不一致性或有界不可用性。
  • 通过引入数值框架统一Brewer的CAP定理与Abadi的一致性-延迟权衡,为分布式系统设计提供数值化基础。

提出的方法

  • 用L(结合网络延迟、执行开销和时钟偏移的数值度量)替代CAP中的P。
  • 将不一致性定义为与一致共享状态的最大偏差,将不可用性定义为用户感知的最大响应延迟。
  • 在Lingua Franca语言中实现两种协调机制:通过时间提前通知(TAN)和临时时间提前授权(PTAG)实现集中式协调,以限制不一致性。
  • 通过安全可假设缺失(STAA)偏移实现去中心化协调,以限制不可用性,同时在高延迟下允许不一致性无界增长。
  • 利用Lingua Franca的反应模型,结合截止时间与故障处理语义,检测并响应不可用性违规。
  • 集成故障处理程序,当检测到不一致性或不可用性越界时触发,支持应用特定的恢复策略。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何将CAP定理的二元表述推广到允许一致性与可用性之间连续权衡的框架?
  • RQ2在分布式系统中,不一致性、不可用性和明显延迟之间的精确数学关系是什么?
  • RQ3能否设计出协调机制,在不同网络延迟条件下保证有界不一致性或有界不可用性?
  • RQ4如何将现有来自分布式仿真与数据库的协调技术扩展,以支持异步事件注入和循环通信拓扑?
  • RQ5故障处理程序在一致性或可用性边界被突破时,如何支持可预测的降级?

主要发现

  • CAL定理建立了不一致性、不可用性和明显延迟之间的定量代数关系,当延迟趋于无穷时,CAP定理成为其特例。
  • 在Lingua Franca中,通过TAN与PTAG机制的集中式协调可限制不一致性,但在网络分区下不可用性变为无界。
  • 通过STAA偏移的去中心化协调可限制不可用性,但当明显延迟超过阈值时,不一致性会无界增长。
  • Lingua Franca框架支持可执行、可预测且可重复的分布式程序,在故障条件下提供一致性与可用性的形式化保证。
  • 两种协调模式下的故障处理程序使应用程序能够在不一致性或不可用性边界被突破时优雅响应,支持实际部署。
  • CAL定理统一了Abadi强调的一致性-延迟权衡与CAP权衡,表明在分布式系统中,可用性与延迟本质上是相互关联的。

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