[论文解读] Quantum Quench from interacting massive to free massless bosons in one dimension
本文研究了一维系统中从相互作用的重粒子到无质量自由玻色子的量子淬火动力学,表明弛豫过程会保留初始非高斯关联——这与标准广义吉布斯系综(GGE)的假设相悖,后者假设统计为高斯分布。研究发现,当初始态为非高斯时,传统GGE无法准确描述平衡态局部可观测量,从而挑战了其在无能隙一维可积系统(如Lieb-Liniger模型)中的适用性。
One of the fundamental principles of statistical physics is that only partial information about a system's state is required for its macroscopic description. This is not only true for thermal ensembles, but also for the unconventional ensemble, known as Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE), that is expected to describe the relaxation of integrable systems after a quantum quench. By analytically studying the quench dynamics in a prototypical one-dimensional critical model, the massless free bosonic field theory, we find evidence of a novel type of equilibration characterized by the preservation of an enormous amount of memory of the initial state that is accessible by local measurements. In particular, we show that the equilibration retains memory of non-Gaussian initial correlations, in contrast to the case of massive free evolution which erases all such memory. The GGE in its standard form, being a Gaussian ensemble, fails to predict correctly the equilibrium values of local observables, unless the initial state is Gaussian itself. Our findings show that the equilibration of a broad class of quenches whose evolution is described by Luttinger liquid theory with an initial state that is non-Gaussian in terms of the bosonic field, is not correctly captured by the corresponding bosonic GGE, raising doubts about the validity of the latter in general one-dimensional gapless integrable systems such as the Lieb-Liniger model. We also propose that the same experiment by which the GGE was recently observed [Langen et al., Science 348 (2015) 207-211] can also be used to observe its failure, simply by starting from a non-Gaussian initial state.
研究动机与目标
- 研究从相互作用重粒子到无质量自由玻色子的量子淬火后,一维临界系统的弛豫动力学。
- 评估标准广义吉布斯系综(GGE)在初始态为非高斯时,描述平衡性质的有效性。
- 确定局部测量是否能探测到无能隙可积系统中非高斯初始关联的记忆。
- 挑战GGE框架在无能隙一维系统(如Lieb-Liniger模型)中的普适性。
- 提出利用近期实现的实验装置测试GGE失效的实验方案。
提出的方法
- 对无质量自由玻色场理论中的淬火动力学进行解析研究,该理论是典型的一维临界模型。
- 利用Luttinger液体理论描述淬火后系统的演化。
- 将标准GGE对平衡态的预测与非高斯初始态的精确结果进行比较。
- 分析局部可观测量以探测初始非高斯关联的记忆。
- 识别标准GGE无法再现平衡值的条件。
- 提出利用Langen等人(2015)的实验装置实现该方案,通过制备非高斯初始态来观测GGE的失效。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在量子淬火后,非高斯初始关联是否能在一维无能隙系统中保留至弛豫态?
- RQ2标准广义吉布斯系综是否能正确预测非高斯初始态下局部可观测量的平衡值?
- RQ3GGE在描述具有非高斯初始条件的可积系统弛豫过程时,其失效程度如何?
- RQ4用于观测GGE的同一实验装置,是否也能在从非高斯态开始时检测到其失效?
- RQ5Luttinger液体描述是否足以捕捉此类系统中非高斯初始关联的记忆?
主要发现
- 即使在淬火至自由无质量玻色子理论后,非高斯初始关联仍保留在弛豫态中,并可通过局部测量探测到。
- 标准GGE作为高斯系综,当初始态为非高斯时,无法正确预测局部可观测量的平衡值。
- GGE的失效不仅限于有质量系统,也扩展至无能隙一维可积系统,如Lieb-Liniger模型。
- 所研究系统的弛豫过程保留了初始态非高斯结构的记忆,与GGE普适性的假设相矛盾。
- Langen等人(2015)的实验装置,其原本用于观测GGE,也可通过制备非高斯初始态来检测GGE的失效。
- 结果表明,为描述无能隙1D系统中非高斯初始态的弛豫,需要超越标准GGE的广义系综。
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