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[论文解读] Queue-reactive Hawkes models for the order flow

Peng Wu, Marcello Rambaldi|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 25, 2019
Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling参考文献 33被引用 11
一句话总结

本文提出了两种基于订单簿队列反应的霍克斯模型,结合了历史订单流动态与实时限价订单簿状态,以更准确地建模高频订单流。通过引入霍克斯驱动的自激活动,该模型在Eurex Bund和DAX期货数据中显著提升了对实际事件间隔时间分布与订单队列规模分布的拟合效果,相较于纯队列反应模型有显著改进。

ABSTRACT

In this work we introduce two variants of multivariate Hawkes models with an explicit dependency on various queue sizes aimed at modeling the stochastic time evolution of a limit order book. The models we propose thus integrate the influence of both the current book state and the past order flow. The first variant considers the flow of order arrivals at a specific price level as independent from the other one and describes this flow by adding a Hawkes component to the arrival rates provided by the continuous time Markov "Queue Reactive" model of Huang et al. Empirical calibration using Level-I order book data from Eurex future assets (Bund and DAX) show that the Hawkes term dramatically improves the pure "Queue-Reactive" model not only for the description of the order flow properties (as e.g. the statistics of inter-event times) but also with respect to the shape of the queue distributions. The second variant we introduce describes the joint dynamics of all events occurring at best bid and ask sides of some order book during a trading day. This model can be considered as a queue dependent extension of the multivariate Hawkes order-book model of Bacry et al. We provide an explicit way to calibrate this model either with a Maximum-Likelihood method or with a Least-Square approach. Empirical estimation from Bund and DAX level-I order book data allow us to recover the main features of Hawkes interactions uncovered in Bacry et al. but also to unveil their joint dependence on bid and ask queue sizes. We notably find that while the market order or mid-price changes rates can mainly be functions on the volume imbalance this is not the case for the arrival rate of limit or cancel orders. Our findings also allows us to clearly bring to light various features that distinguish small and large tick assets.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过整合订单簿的当前状态与订单到达的历史记录,开发更精确的限价订单簿动态模型。
  • 通过引入霍克斯过程实现记忆效应,弥补纯马尔可夫队列反应模型的局限性。
  • 在Eurex期货(Bund与DAX)的真实Level-I订单簿数据上进行模型校准与验证,重点关注经验拟合效果与微观结构特征。
  • 揭示订单流对买盘与卖盘队列规模的联合依赖关系,区分小tick与大tick资产的差异。
  • 提供一种可计算的校准框架,采用最大似然法或最小二乘法,支持在市场仿真与风险管理中的实际应用。

提出的方法

  • 提出一个单变量队列反应霍克斯模型,其中某一价格水平的订单到达强度由基线率与依赖于历史订单流的霍克斯过程分量之和构成。
  • 将模型扩展至多变量框架,捕捉买卖两档事件的联合动态,其强度函数同时依赖于队列规模与历史订单流。
  • 采用指数核函数(αe−βt)作为霍克斯激发函数,以确保马尔可夫性质与解析可计算性。
  • 推导出用于校准的最小二乘目标函数,将对数似然函数分解为时间积分项与跳跃事件项。
  • 引入中间变量(D(q)、G^m_u(q)、H^mm'_{uu'}(q)、C^ℓ(q)),以高效计算目标函数及其梯度,用于优化。
  • 应用最大似然法与最小二乘法进行校准,推导出解析梯度以实现高效参数估计。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在队列反应模型中引入霍克斯自激机制后,对经验订单流统计量(如事件间隔时间分布)的拟合效果提升程度如何?
  • RQ2买盘与卖盘队列规模在多大程度上联合影响限价单、撤单与市价单的到达率?
  • RQ3在队列依赖性方面,小tick与大tick资产的订单流交互模式有何差异?
  • RQ4多变量队列反应霍克斯模型是否能够再现先前基于霍克斯模型的限价订单簿研究中观察到的关键交互结构,同时增加状态依赖性?
  • RQ5是否存在充分的实证证据表明,限价单与撤单的到达率与队列规模存在非平凡依赖关系,而不仅仅是简单的买卖盘量差?

主要发现

  • 引入霍克斯分量显著提升了纯队列反应模型对经验事件间隔时间分布与队列规模分布的拟合能力。
  • 市价单与中间价变动率强烈依赖于买卖盘量差,但限价单与撤单的到达率并非如此,表明存在不同的微观结构机制。
  • 该模型成功复现了Bacry等人[4]先前发现的订单流相互作用自激模式,现进一步引入显式的队列规模依赖性。
  • 实证校准结果表明,限价单与撤单的强度对订单簿当前状态高度敏感,尤其体现在最优买卖盘深度上。
  • 模型能够区分小tick与大tick资产,显示队列反应效应在小tick证券中更为显著。
  • 最小二乘校准方法为最大似然法提供了稳定且高效的替代方案,其梯度具有解析可计算性,适用于优化。

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