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[论文解读] Radiating Bondi Flows I: Dimensionless Framework and Constant Opacity Solutions

Avery Bailey, Andrew Youdin|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 20, 2026
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies被引用 0
一句话总结

论文将 Bondi 吞噬问题扩展至包含辐射加热/冷却,适用于气体压强主导流动,提出四参数的无量纲框架,给出数值解和辐射抑制吞噬的解析标度。

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we extend the foundational work of Bondi (1952) to include the effects of radiative feedback in gas-pressure-dominated environments. We construct steady-state spherically symmetric accretion solutions including radiative heating and cooling. Under the simplifying assumption of a constant opacity, the solutions are controlled by four dimensionless parameters: the adiabatic index $γ$, optical depth through the Bondi radius $τ_B$, dimensionless luminosity at infinity $ ilde{L}_\infty$, and a characteristic dimensionless cooling time $β$. We present numerical solutions across the dimensionless parameter space $(τ_B, ilde{L}_\infty, β)\in [10^{-3}, 10^3]$. Contrary to radiation-pressure-dominated environments, radiative feedback primarily operates to suppress accretion -- particularly at high $τ_B$, $ ilde{L}_\infty$, and/or $β$. We also present analytic descriptions confirming the suppressive nature of this feedback and give the scalings for the accretion rate $\dot{M}\sim ilde{L}_\infty^{-5/4}$ at large $ ilde{L}_\infty$, $\dot{M}\sim τ_B^{-10/11}β^{-5/11}$ at large $τ_B$, and $\dot{M}\sim ( ilde{L}_\inftyτ_B)^{-5/8}$ for large $ ilde{L}_\inftyτ_B$. We discuss the potential role of convection in these steady-state solutions, and the particular relevance to problems of planet formation where radiative heating is significant, but the system remains in the gas-pressure-dominated regime.

研究动机与目标

  • 将 Bondi (1952) 扩展为在气体压强主导介质中的辐射加热与冷却。
  • 提出包含常数光学深度的辐射 Bondi 吞噬的无量纲表述。
  • 在由光学厚度、辐射度和冷却时间定义的参数空间中绘制吞噬效率 f_acc。
  • 推导不同区间内吞噬速率的解析标度并评估辐射平衡与非平衡。
  • 讨论在行星形成中的潜在应用以及辐射加热显著的情形。

提出的方法

  • 给出包含辐射传输的稳态、球对称 Bondi 吞噬方程。
  • 采用恒定光学厚度并推导无量纲变量:r_B、L_B,以及参数 γ、τ_B、β、以及 L̃_∞。
  • 在无穷处边界条件下,耦合的 ODE 系统(ρ、M、s、L、E_r)在辐射传输闭包(κ_R、κ_P)下求解。
  • 实现辐射平衡近似以获得解析标度并洞察完整解空间。
  • 采用迭代方法定位音速点并确定吞噬率 f_acc = Ṁ/Ṁ_ad。
  • 在 γ 固定为 7/5 且 (τ_B, L̃_∞, β) 跨越 10^-3 到 10^3 的参数空间进行探索;给出数值结果和解析描述。
Figure 1: Adiabatic Bondi solutions for $\gamma=1$ (circle), $\gamma=7/5$ (triangle), $\gamma=5/3$ (square). The solid lines show Mach number profiles with corresponding density profiles as dashed lines. Markers are placed at the location of the sonic point with the $\gamma=5/3$ sonic point located
Figure 1: Adiabatic Bondi solutions for $\gamma=1$ (circle), $\gamma=7/5$ (triangle), $\gamma=5/3$ (square). The solid lines show Mach number profiles with corresponding density profiles as dashed lines. Markers are placed at the location of the sonic point with the $\gamma=5/3$ sonic point located

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1辐射反馈如何在气体压强主导环境中改变化 Bondi 吞噬率?
  • RQ2在常数光学厚度条件下,支配辐射 Bondi 解的无量纲控制参数(τ_B、L̃_∞、β、γ)是什么?
  • RQ3在不同区间中,Ṁ 与 L̃_∞、τ_B、β 的标度关系如何?
  • RQ4在何种条件下辐射平衡是一个良好近似,非平衡如何影响解?
  • RQ5这些辐射 Bondi 解如何应用于行星形成和辐射加热情景?

主要发现

  • 辐射反馈主要抑制吞噬,尤其在高 τ_B、L̃_∞ 和/或 β 时。
  • 吞噬速率在大 L̃_∞ 时的标度为 Ṁ ∼ L̃_∞^-5/4。
  • 吞噬速率在大 τ_B 时的标度为 Ṁ ∼ τ_B^-10/11 β^-5/11。
  • 在大 (L̃_∞ τ_B) 时,Ṁ 的标度为 Ṁ ∼ (L̃_∞ τ_B)^-5/8。
  • 在参数空间的很大部分,辐射平衡成立(β<1 且 τ_B 较大,或 L̃_∞ 较大),非平衡仅在少数模型(约 5-15%)显著。
  • 一个一致的解需要通过辐射光度与吸积体半径将 L_∞ 与 Ṁ 相关联(L_∞ ≈ GM Ṁ / r_s)。
Figure 2: Example of families of curves and iterative procedure used to determine the sonic point (and therefore the accretion rate) for a model with $(\gamma,\tau_{B},\tilde{L}_{\infty},\beta)=(7/5,1,10,1)$ . Each curve is an integration colored according to the choice of mass accretion rate. Cool-
Figure 2: Example of families of curves and iterative procedure used to determine the sonic point (and therefore the accretion rate) for a model with $(\gamma,\tau_{B},\tilde{L}_{\infty},\beta)=(7/5,1,10,1)$ . Each curve is an integration colored according to the choice of mass accretion rate. Cool-

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