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[论文解读] RadioAstron discovery of a mini-cocoon around the restarted parsec-scale jet in 3C 84

T. Savolainen, G. Giovannini|arXiv (Cornell University)|Nov 8, 2021
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena参考文献 1被引用 4
一句话总结

利用在5 GHz和22 GHz频段的RadioAstron空间VLBI观测,本研究揭示了3C 84中重启的角秒尺度喷流周围存在一种此前未被探测到的低强度微型喷流包层,表明约50%的喷流能量被注入到一个在致密中心介质中膨胀的高温、高压等离子体泡中。该包层的压力解释了喷流的圆柱形形态,并增强了能量向星际介质的转移。

ABSTRACT

We present RadioAstron space-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the nearby radio galaxy 3C84 (NGC1275) at the centre of the Perseus cluster. The observations were carried out on September 21-22, 2013 and involved a global array of 24 ground radio telescopes observing at 5 GHz and 22 GHz, together with the Space Radio Telescope (SRT). Furthermore, the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and the phased Very Large Array (VLA) observed the source quasi-simultaneously at 15 GHz and 43 GHz. Fringes between the ground array and the SRT were detected on baseline lengths up to 8.1 times the Earth's diameter, providing unprecedented resolution for 3C 84 at these wavelengths. We note that the corresponding fringe spacing is 125 microarcsec at 5 GHz and 27 microarcsec at 22 GHz. Our space-VLBI images reveal a previously unseen sub-structure inside the compact 1 pc long jet that was ejected about ten years earlier. In the 5 GHz image, we detected, for the first time, low-intensity emission from a cocoon-like structure around the restarted jet. Our results suggest that the increased power of the young jet is inflating a bubble of hot plasma as it carves its way through the ambient medium of the central region of the galaxy. Here, we estimate the minimum energy stored in the mini-cocoon, along with its pressure, volume, expansion speed, and the ratio of heavy particles to relativistic electrons, as well as the density of the ambient medium. About half of the energy delivered by the jet is dumped into the mini-cocoon and the quasi-spherical shape of the bubble suggests that this energy may be transferred to a significantly larger volume of the interstellar medium than what would be accomplished by the well-collimated jet on its own. The pressure of the hot mini-cocoon also provides a natural explanation for the almost cylindrical jet profile seen in the 22 GHz RadioAstron image.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用超长基线空间VLBI对3C 84喷流进行亚角秒尺度结构的解析,实现前所未有的角分辨率。
  • 研究仙后座星系团成员NGC 1275中心区域喷流与周围介质相互作用的能量预算和物理条件。
  • 确定观测到的喷流形态和低强度发射结构是否可由重启喷流膨胀形成的压强包层来解释。
  • 利用同步辐射发射和能量守恒原理,估算微型包层的最小能量、压强、膨胀速度和周围介质密度。
  • 评估微型包层相较于仅靠准直喷流本身,在增强能量向星际介质转移方面的作用。

提出的方法

  • 在5 GHz和22 GHz频段,利用RadioAstron卫星与全球24座地面射电望远镜组成的阵列进行空间VLBI观测,基线最长可达8.1个地球直径。
  • 将数据与同时段的VLBA和相位式VLA观测(15 GHz和43 GHz)相结合,以交叉验证形态和谱性状。
  • 利用可见度条纹和 aperture 合成成像技术,在125 μas(5 GHz)和27 μas(22 GHz)的角分辨率下解析出亚结构。
  • 应用最小能量和能量均分假设,估算包层结构中的能量含量、压强和粒子种群比(k)。
  • 通过形态建模和基于时间分辨运动学推导的喷流头传播速度,计算包层的膨胀速度和长宽比。
  • 通过平衡包层中的最小能量与喷流功率及观测到的同步辐射损耗 timescales,估算周围介质密度。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在3C 84喷流最内侧1 pc范围内,5 GHz频段下此前未被观测到的亚角秒尺度结构的物理本质是什么?
  • RQ2有多少能量沉积在微型包层中?占喷流总功率的多少比例?
  • RQ3微型包层的压强是否能解释在22 GHz和43 GHz频段观测到的圆柱形喷流形态?
  • RQ4微型包层的估计年龄和膨胀速度是多少?与喷流头传播速度相比如何?
  • RQ5在最小能量假设下,维持包层约束所需的周围介质密度是多少?与独立估算值相比如何?

主要发现

  • 首次在5 GHz频段的3C 84亚角秒尺度中探测到一种低强度、类似包层的结构,表明重启喷流正在膨胀形成一个高温等离子体泡。
  • 微型包层中储存的最小能量估计为(3–4) × 10⁵¹(1+k)⁴/⁷ sin⁻³/⁷θ erg,若k ≲ 30,则约50%的喷流能量被注入包层。
  • 周围介质密度估计为ρₐ ≳ 5 × 10⁻²⁴(1+k)⁴/⁷ sin⁴/⁷θ g cm⁻³,若k ≲ 20,则与Fujita & Nagai (2017)的估算一致,且高于法拉第旋转测量的上限,表明喷流相对于周围介质较轻。
  • 微型包层横向膨胀速度约为0.1c,长宽比为1.4,使其能够处理远大于仅靠狭窄喷流所能影响的星际介质体积。
  • 高温微型包层的压强为22 GHz和43 GHz图像中观测到的圆柱形喷流轮廓提供了自然解释,解决了长期存在的形态学谜题。
  • 同步辐射损耗 timescales 与包层年龄小于十年的估算一致,与源中观测到的喷流重启时间相吻合。

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