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[论文解读] Radiography in high mass X-ray binaries -- Micro-structure of the stellar wind through variability of the column density

I. El Mellah, V. Grinberg|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 29, 2020
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations参考文献 5被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出利用大质量X射线双星中的X射线变异性作为放射照相探针,以推断恒星风的微观结构。通过将风建模为径向输运的团块,并分析吸收柱密度的时间变异性,作者表明相干 timescale 直接测量团块大小,而柱密度的标准差则约束团块质量,从而实现不依赖于固有X射线变异性偏差的质损率测量。

ABSTRACT

In high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), an accreting compact object orbits a high mass star which loses mass through a dense and inhomogeneous wind. Using the compact object as an X-ray backlight, the time variability of the absorbing column density in the wind can be exploited in order to shed light on the micro-structure of the wind and obtain unbiased stellar mass loss rates for high mass stars. We explore the impact of clumpiness on the variability of the column density with a simplified wind model. In particular, we focus on the standard deviation of the column density and the characteristic duration of enhanced absorption episodes, and compare them with analytical predictions based on the porosity length. We identified the favorable systems and orbital phases to determine the wind micro-structure. The coherence time scale of the column density is shown to be the self-crossing time of a clump in front of the compact object. We provide a recipe to get accurate measurements of the size and of the mass of the clumps, purely based on the observable time variability of the column density. The coherence time scale grants direct access to the size of the clumps while their mass can be deduced separately from the amplitude of the variability. If it is due to unaccreted passing-by clumps, the high column density variations in some HMXBs requires high mass clumps to reproduce the observed peak-to-peak amplitude and coherence time scales. These clump properties are hardly compatible with the ones derived from first principles. Alternatively, other components could contribute to the variability of the column density: larger orbital scale structures produced by a mechanism still to be identified, or a dense environment in the immediate vicinity of the accretor such as an accretion disk, an outflow or a spherical shell around the magnetosphere of the accreting neutron star.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种放射照相方法,利用X射线吸收变异性探测大质量X射线双星中线驱动风的微观结构。
  • 确定吸收柱密度的时间变异性是否能提供独立于传统诊断方法的恒星质损率无偏测量。
  • 识别通过X射线光曲线探测风团块特性的有利轨道相位和系统参数。
  • 检验假设:观测到的X射线柱密度变异性是由未吸积的团块穿过视线方向引起的。
  • 评估推断的团块特性与辐射流体动力学模拟及观测约束的一致性。

提出的方法

  • 将恒星风建模为具有定义质量与半径的球形、径向输运团块,假设其沿视线方向随机分布。
  • 使用孔隙长度解析预测柱密度的标准差及其相干 timescale,作为团块大小、质量与轨道几何的函数。
  • 针对不同轨道相位、团块参数与视线角度,模拟吸收柱密度 $N_H$ 的时间序列,以与解析预测进行比较。
  • 将观测到的相干 timescale 与团块穿过致密天体视线方向的自穿越时间关联,从而实现团块大小的直接估计。
  • 利用 $N_H$ 变异性幅度(标准差)独立推断单个团块的质量,而不依赖于固有X射线变异性假设。
  • 将模型应用于中等光度与中等轨道倾角的系统,重点关注 $ phi = 0.25$ 和 $ phi = 0.5$ 相位,以实现最佳团块可见性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1大质量X射线双星中吸收柱密度的时间变异性是否可用于推断恒星风的微观结构?
  • RQ2在 $N_H$ 光 light curves 中观测到的相干 timescale 的物理起源是什么?能否与团块大小关联?
  • RQ3在多大程度上 $N_H$ 变异性幅度可约束单个团块的质量?
  • RQ4推断的团块特性(大小与质量)是否与辐射流体动力学模拟结果一致?
  • RQ5何种观测条件(轨道相位、倾角、曝光时间)可最大化团块引起的 $N_H$ 变异性检测?

主要发现

  • 柱密度变异性相干 timescale 对应于单个团块穿过视线方向的自穿越时间,从而可直接测量团块半径。
  • $N_H$ 的标准差与 $\sqrt{m_{cl}}/R_{cl}$ 成正比,为团块质量与半径的比值提供了直接约束。
  • 团块质量可独立于固有X射线变异性假设,通过 $N_H$ 变异性幅度进行估计。
  • 由相干 timescale 推断的团块大小比辐射流体动力学模拟预测的值大数倍,表明存在差异。
  • 为产生观测到的 $N_H$ 峰峰值幅度,所需推断的团块质量较高,与模拟结果仅勉强兼容。
  • 在上合点($ phi = 0.5$)进行监测可探测到团块形成区域在恒星光球层之上的起始阶段。

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