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[论文解读] Real-time Bidding for Online Advertising: Measurement and Analysis

Shuai Yuan, Jun Wang|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 27, 2013
Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing参考文献 3被引用 54
一句话总结

本文基于生产环境广告交易所的真实数据,对在线广告中的实时竞价(RTB)进行了实证分析。研究发现,尽管理论上采用的是第二价格拍卖,但55.4%的费用实际上等同于第一价格,这是由于存在软底价所致;同时,竞价策略因未能有效处理时间模式、频率和最近性等因素而表现次优,凸显了在RTB系统中亟需先进的优化算法。

ABSTRACT

The real-time bidding (RTB), aka programmatic buying, has recently become the fastest growing area in online advertising. Instead of bulking buying and inventory-centric buying, RTB mimics stock exchanges and utilises computer algorithms to automatically buy and sell ads in real-time; It uses per impression context and targets the ads to specific people based on data about them, and hence dramatically increases the effectiveness of display advertising. In this paper, we provide an empirical analysis and measurement of a production ad exchange. Using the data sampled from both demand and supply side, we aim to provide first-hand insights into the emerging new impression selling infrastructure and its bidding behaviours, and help identifying research and design issues in such systems. From our study, we observed that periodic patterns occur in various statistics including impressions, clicks, bids, and conversion rates (both post-view and post-click), which suggest time-dependent models would be appropriate for capturing the repeated patterns in RTB. We also found that despite the claimed second price auction, the first price payment in fact is accounted for 55.4% of total cost due to the arrangement of the soft floor price. As such, we argue that the setting of soft floor price in the current RTB systems puts advertisers in a less favourable position. Furthermore, our analysis on the conversation rates shows that the current bidding strategy is far less optimal, indicating the significant needs for optimisation algorithms incorporating the facts such as the temporal behaviours, the frequency and recency of the ad displays, which have not been well considered in the past.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解生产环境中出价方与卖方在RTB交易所中的真实行为。
  • 识别当前RTB竞价策略中的关键低效问题,特别是广告曝光的时间、频率和最近性方面。
  • 衡量软底价等结构性因素对广告商成本和拍卖结果的影响。
  • 揭示现有优化算法研究中的空白,这些算法未能充分考虑时间动态和用户级定位约束。
  • 为程序化广告中更好竞价与分配算法的设计提供数据驱动的洞见。

提出的方法

  • 从实际广告交易所的需方(广告商)和供方(发布商)两端收集并分析实时竞价数据。
  • 在不同时间尺度上测量曝光量、点击量、出价和转化率的周期性模式。
  • 通过将实际支付行为与理论第二价格拍卖模型进行对比,量化软底价的影响。
  • 利用转化率(CVR)、每次获取成本(CPA)和投资回报率(ROI)指标,分析频率限制(FC)和最近性限制(RC)。
  • 通过转化窗口长度的直方图分析,研究曝光后和点击后的转化时间分布。
  • 通过比较不同限制水平下的CVR和ROI,评估FC和RC设置的有效性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1出价和转化行为中的周期性模式在多大程度上影响RTB系统性能?
  • RQ2软底价的存在在多大程度上导致实践中出现第一价格拍卖结果?
  • RQ3频率限制和最近性限制在多大程度上影响RTB广告活动的转化率和成本效率?
  • RQ4尽管拥有用户级数据和实时决策能力,为何当前的竞价策略仍表现次优?
  • RQ5时间动态因素,如广告曝光的最近性和频率,在转化效果中扮演何种角色?

主要发现

  • 尽管理论上采用第二价格拍卖模型,但由于使用了软底价,55.4%的总广告费用实际上等同于第一价格支付。
  • 曝光量、出价、点击量和转化率中的周期性模式表明,时间依赖模型对于准确的RTB预测与优化至关重要。
  • 转化率(CVR)显著受广告曝光时间最近性的影响,部分广告活动在首次曝光后14至30天内仍能产生有意义的转化。
  • 频率限制(FC)对CVR和ROI有可测量的影响,最优FC水平因广告活动类型和用户行为而异。
  • 最近性限制(RC)在当前系统中未被充分使用,过于严格的设置可能导致潜在转化的损失,尤其对决策周期较长的广告活动而言。
  • 当前的竞价策略未能有效整合时间动态、频率和最近性因素,表明亟需先进的优化算法。

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