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[论文解读] Reevaluating the Role of Race and Ethnicity in Diabetes Screening

Madison Coots, Soroush Saghafian|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 17, 2023
Healthcare Policy and ManagementEconomics, Econometrics and Finance被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究重新評估在糖尿病風險預測模型中納入種族與族裔的臨床實用性,顯示儘管此類模型顯著提升了統計準確度(特別是在亞裔、黑人及西班牙裔人群中),但僅有少數患者獲得不同的篩檢建議,且由於風險接近1.5%的決策門檻,臨床效益有限。研究結果表明,儘管預測準確度有所提升,其在實際篩檢決策與健康結果上的影響仍有限。

ABSTRACT

There is active debate over whether to consider patient race and ethnicity when estimating disease risk. By accounting for race and ethnicity, it is possible to improve the accuracy of risk predictions, but there is concern that their use may encourage a racialized view of medicine. In diabetes risk models, despite substantial gains in statistical accuracy from using race and ethnicity, the gains in clinical utility are surprisingly modest. These modest clinical gains stem from two empirical patterns: first, the vast majority of individuals receive the same screening recommendation regardless of whether race or ethnicity are included in risk models; and second, for those who do receive different screening recommendations, the difference in utility between screening and not screening is relatively small. Our results are based on broad statistical principles, and so are likely to generalize to many other risk-based clinical decisions.

研究动机与目标

  • 評估在糖尿病風險預測模型中納入種族與族裔是否能超越統計準確度,提升臨床決策品質。
  • 探究風險導向篩檢建議中,統計性能提升與實際臨床實用性之間的脫節現象。
  • 評估在風險模型中使用種族與族裔是否導致糖尿病高風險患者篩檢決策產生顯著變動。
  • 運用基於患者層級成本與效益的實用性決策架構,檢視不同種族與族裔群體篩檢決策的實用性。
  • 確定考慮種族的模型臨床價值是否值得採用,特別是在醫學種族化現象與降低醫療體系信任度的擔憂下。

提出的方法

  • 使用2011–2018年四個NHANES週期的數據,涵蓋18,000名18至70歲、BMI為18.5–50.0 kg/m²的非孕成人。
  • 建立僅基於年齡與BMI的種族無知風險模型以預測糖尿病發病率,並與納入種族與族裔作為預測變數的種族知情模型進行比較。
  • 按種族與族裔校準風險預測,以評估校準偏差——顯示種族無知模型系統性低估亞裔、黑人及西班牙裔人群的風險。
  • 應用基於實用性的決策架構,評估篩檢建議,以1.5%糖尿病風險為篩檢決策門檻。
  • 透過比較預期效益(早期發現)與成本(金錢與非金錢成本),量化篩檢的淨實用性,假設每單位實用性價值為100美元。
  • 評估納入種族與族裔後,篩檢建議改變的患者比例,並評估這些個體的實用性變動幅度。
Figure 1: Assessing the statistical and clinical utility of race and ethnicity in diabetes risk estimation. Upper left: Calibration plot for a race-unaware risk model, showing that racial minorities have significantly higher empirical risk of diabetes compared to their race-unaware risk prediction;
Figure 1: Assessing the statistical and clinical utility of race and ethnicity in diabetes risk estimation. Upper left: Calibration plot for a race-unaware risk model, showing that racial minorities have significantly higher empirical risk of diabetes compared to their race-unaware risk prediction;

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在不同種族與族裔群體中,納入種族與族裔是否顯著提升糖尿病風險預測的統計準確度?
  • RQ2與種族無知模型相比,納入種族與族裔後,有多少患者獲得不同的篩檢建議?
  • RQ3由於納入種族與族裔導致風險估計跨越1.5%門檻而改變篩檢建議的患者,其臨床實用性為何?
  • RQ4為何統計準確度的顯著提升未能轉化為篩檢決策中相對應的更大臨床效益?
  • RQ5考慮種族的模型帶來的實用性增益,與其可能強化醫學種族化或降低醫療體系信任度的風險相比如何?

主要发现

  • 種族無知模型顯著校準偏差:在預測風險為1%的個體中,亞裔美國人實際糖尿病盛行率為2%,而白人美國人為1.5%。
  • 在風險模型中納入種族與族裔可提升統計準確度,特別是在亞裔美國人中,其風險被種族無知模型顯著低估。
  • 僅有少數患者(低於10%)在納入種族與族裔後獲得不同的篩檢建議,儘管預測準確度大幅提升。
  • 對於篩檢建議改變的患者,篩檢的淨實用性相對較小,因其預測風險接近1.5%的決策門檻。
  • 在種族無知模型預測風險低於1.5%的亞裔美國人中,部分個體本可從篩檢獲得正向實用性,卻因門檻限制而未被建議篩檢——突顯錯失的機會。
  • 整體而言,考慮種族的模型臨床實用性提升有限,儘管統計準確度顯著改善,原因在於決策變動集中於無差異點附近。
Figure A1: Calibration plot for an extended race-unaware risk model that includes the following covariates in addition to age and BMI: gender, weight, height, waist circumference, self-reported greatest weight, whether a patient’s close family members have diabetes, whether the patient is depressed,
Figure A1: Calibration plot for an extended race-unaware risk model that includes the following covariates in addition to age and BMI: gender, weight, height, waist circumference, self-reported greatest weight, whether a patient’s close family members have diabetes, whether the patient is depressed,

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