[论文解读] Retrodictive quantum state engineering
本文提出了一种基于多端口光器件与相干参考场的回溯性量子态工程框架,用于在有限维希尔伯特空间中投影测量并工程化任意量子态。与以往需要非经典参考场的方法不同,该方法利用近似为二项式参考态的压缩态实现单次测量相位,从而在高保真度下实现实际应用。
This thesis is concerned with retrodiction and measurement in quantum optics. The latter of these two concepts is studied in particular form with a general optical multiport device, consisting of an arbitrary array of beam-splitters and phase-shifters. I show how such an apparatus generalizes the original projection synthesis technique, introduced as an in principle technique to measure the canonical phase distribution. Just as for the original projection synthesis, it is found that such a generalised device can synthesize any general projection onto a state in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. One of the important findings of this thesis is that, unlike the original projection synthesis technique, the general apparatus described here only requires a classical, that is a coherent, reference field at the input of the device. Such an apparatus lends itself much more readily to practical implementation and would find applications in measurement and predictive state engineering. If we relax the above condition to allow for just a single non-classical reference field, we show that the apparatus is capable of producing a single-shot measure of canonical phase. That is, the apparatus can project onto any one of an arbitrarily large subset of phase eigenstates, with a probability proportional to the overlap of the phase state and the input field. Unlike the original projection synthesis proposal, this proposal requires a binomial reference state as opposed to a reciprocal binomial state. We find that such a reference state can be obtained, to an excellent approximation, from a suitably squeezed state. The analysis of these measurement apparatuses is performed in the less usual, but completely rigorous, retrodictive formalism of quantum mechanics.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种基于回溯而非预测的实用量子测量框架,以克服先前投影合成技术的局限性。
- 通过用物理上可实现的类二项式态替代非经典的互惠二项式参考态,实现对规范相位的单次测量。
- 证明适当压缩的态可高保真度地近似所需二项式参考态,从而实现实验可行性。
- 仅使用经典(相干)参考场,将投影合成技术推广至任意有限维希尔伯特空间。
提出的方法
- 该方法采用由分束器和移相器组成的通用多端口光器件,对输入模式实施幺正变换。
- 通过量子力学的回溯形式,利用已知输出测量给定输入态的概率,实现回溯性态工程。
- 在输入端使用相干态作为参考场,从而无需非经典态即可实现实际应用。
- 通过特定参数的压缩态近似所需的二项式参考态:$ t = 0.5 $,$ \alpha = (2/3)N^{1/2} $(用于早期系数),或为晚期系数优化的$ \alpha $。
- 通过渐近匹配与精确匹配技术,将压缩态的埃尔米特多项式展开与二项式系数匹配,量化近似保真度。
- 理论分析使用离散傅里叶变换矩阵$ \mathbf{\Omega}(N+1) $和幺正演化算符$ \hat{U} $,在光子数基中描述态变换。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1能否仅使用相干参考场而非非经典态设计出实用的量子测量装置?
- RQ2压缩态在多大程度上可近似单次测量相位所需的二项式参考态?
- RQ3压缩态近似在不同光子数范围(早期与晚期系数)下的保真度如何变化?
- RQ4压缩参数与二项式态近似的准确性之间存在何种关系?
- RQ5回溯形式是否可用于设计适用于任意有限维态的一般性量子态工程装置?
主要发现
- 仅使用相干参考场的通用多端口光器件可投影测量有限维希尔伯特空间中的任意态,推广了原始的投影合成技术。
- 该装置通过将输入场与大量相位本征态重叠的概率成比例地投影,实现对规范相位的单次测量。
- 当$ t = 0.5 $且$ \alpha = (2/3)N^{1/2} $时,压缩态可高精度近似$ n \ll N $范围内的二项式态系数,前几项系数的误差极小。
- 对于$ N = 3 $,$ \alpha \approx 1.138 $的压缩态在二项式态最后三项系数上的匹配误差为1.5%($ \alpha_0/\alpha_3 $比值)。
- 所需压缩程度为低于标准量子极限4.77 dB,当前技术可实现。
- 回溯形式为量子态工程提供了一套严谨且实用的框架,无需依赖非经典参考态。
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