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[论文解读] Riemannian optimization of photonic quantum circuits in phase and Fock space

Yuan Yao, Filippo M. Miatto|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 13, 2022
Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing被引用 8
一句话总结

本论文提出了一种用于光子量子线路的可微黎曼优化框架,采用相空间中的辛群参数化和精确的福克空间递推方法。该方法通过绕过门分解,实现了对高斯量子线路(如216模干涉仪和猫态发生器)的端到端优化,成功生成了平均光子数为4的宏观猫态,保真度达99.38%,成功率达7.39%。

ABSTRACT

We propose a framework to design and optimize generic photonic quantum circuits composed of Gaussian objects (pure and mixed Gaussian states, Gaussian unitaries, Gaussian channels, Gaussian measurements) as well as non-Gaussian effects such as photon-number-resolving measurements. In this framework, we parametrize a phase space representation of Gaussian objects using elements of the symplectic group (or the unitary or orthogonal group in special cases), and then we transform it into the Fock representation using a single linear recurrence relation that computes the Fock amplitudes of any Gaussian object recursively. We also compute the gradient of the Fock amplitudes with respect to phase space parameters by differentiating through the recurrence relation. We can then use Riemannian optimization on the symplectic group to optimize M-mode Gaussian objects, avoiding the need to commit to particular realizations in terms of fundamental gates. This allows us to "mod out" all the different gate-level implementations of the same circuit, which now can be chosen after the optimization has completed. This can be especially useful when looking to answer general questions, such as bounding the value of a property over a class of states or transformations, or when one would like to worry about hardware constraints separately from the circuit optimization step. Finally, we make our framework extendable to non-Gaussian objects that can be written as linear combinations of Gaussian ones, by explicitly computing the change in global phase when states undergo Gaussian transformations. We implemented all of these methods in the freely available open-source library MrMustard, which we use in three examples to optimize the 216-mode interferometer in Borealis, and 2- and 3-modes circuits (with Fock measurements) to produce cat states and cubic phase states.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决高斯光子量子线路缺乏可微、对称性感知优化方法的问题。
  • 实现对M模高斯电路作为统一模块的优化,无需分解为基本门序列。
  • 提供一种系统化方法,仅通过单一递推关系即可计算福克振幅及高斯对象的梯度。
  • 通过高斯分量的线性组合扩展框架至非高斯操作,同时保持相位相干性。
  • 通过解耦优化与门级实现,实现与硬件无关的电路设计。

提出的方法

  • 使用辛群的元素对高斯对象(态、幺正算符、通道)进行参数化,特殊情形映射至酉群/正交群。
  • 实现线性递推关系,精确且可微地计算任意高斯对象的福克振幅。
  • 对递推关系求导,计算福克振幅对相空间参数的梯度。
  • 在辛群上使用基于测地线的方法进行黎曼优化,将整个电路作为单一模块进行优化。
  • 追踪高斯操作引起的全局相位变化,以实现与非高斯组件的一致组合。
  • 通过将非高斯态和变换表示为带相位感知组合的高斯分量线性组合,将框架扩展至非高斯情形。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1高斯光子量子线路是否可作为整体模块进行优化,而无需分解为基本门序列?
  • RQ2如何精确且可微地计算任意高斯对象的福克空间振幅?
  • RQ3在模拟非高斯态时,全局相位在组合高斯操作中起什么作用?
  • RQ4在高维光子线路中,辛群上的黎曼优化是否优于标准欧氏优化?
  • RQ5在保留相位追踪的前提下,非高斯操作在多大程度上可通过高斯分量的线性组合进行模拟与优化?

主要发现

  • 基于递推的方法可精确且完全可微地计算高斯态、幺正算符和通道的福克振幅。
  • 该框架实现了对216模高斯玻色采样电路的直接相空间黎曼优化,无需门分解。
  • 新设计的2模电路成功优化生成了平均光子数为4的猫态,保真度达99.38%,成功率达7.39%。
  • 该方法正确处理了高斯操作中的全局相位,实现了如压缩梳态等非高斯叠加态的一致模拟。
  • 当通过带相位追踪的高斯门线性组合展开时,该方法支持非高斯操作(如Kerr门)的模拟与优化。
  • 开源库MrMustard实现了所有方法,可高效模拟与优化复杂光子电路,且精度极高。

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