[论文解读] Rigorous data-driven computation of spectral properties of Koopman operators for dynamical systems
本文提出残差动态模态分解(ResDMD),一种数据驱动算法,可从轨迹数据中计算Koopman算子的谱性质,并提供严格的收敛保证。该方法可无谱污染地精确计算谱、伪谱及谱测度,同时为混沌系统和高维动力学提供误差界。
Koopman operators are infinite-dimensional operators that globally linearize nonlinear dynamical systems, making their spectral information valuable for understanding dynamics. However, Koopman operators can have continuous spectra and infinite-dimensional invariant subspaces, making computing their spectral information a considerable challenge. This paper describes data-driven algorithms with rigorous convergence guarantees for computing spectral information of Koopman operators from trajectory data. We introduce residual dynamic mode decomposition (ResDMD), which provides the first scheme for computing the spectra and pseudospectra of general Koopman operators from snapshot data without spectral pollution. Using the resolvent operator and ResDMD, we compute smoothed approximations of spectral measures associated with general measure-preserving dynamical systems. We prove explicit convergence theorems for our algorithms, which can achieve high-order convergence even for chaotic systems when computing the density of the continuous spectrum and the discrete spectrum. Since our algorithms come with error control, ResDMD allows aposteri verification of spectral quantities, Koopman mode decompositions, and learned dictionaries. We demonstrate our algorithms on the tent map, circle rotations, Gauss iterated map, nonlinear pendulum, double pendulum, and Lorenz system. Finally, we provide kernelized variants of our algorithms for dynamical systems with a high-dimensional state space. This allows us to compute the spectral measure associated with the dynamics of a protein molecule with a 20,046-dimensional state space and compute nonlinear Koopman modes with error bounds for turbulent flow past aerofoils with Reynolds number $>10^5$ that has a 295,122-dimensional state space.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决在非线性动力系统中计算Koopman算子谱性质的挑战,特别是当谱为连续或无穷维时。
- 开发避免谱污染且对谱测度和特征值提供严格收敛保证的数据驱动算法。
- 通过可计算的误差界,实现对Koopman模态分解和学习字典的后验验证。
- 通过算法的核化变体,将谱计算扩展至高维系统,如湍流流动和分子动力学。
提出的方法
- 提出残差动态模态分解(ResDMD),一种新颖方案,可从快照数据中无谱污染地计算Koopman算子的谱和伪谱。
- 利用预解算子计算保测动力系统谱测度的平滑近似。
- 在有限维子空间上基于投影的Koopman算子逼近,通过误差项δ₁(NK)、δ₂(NK)和δ₃(NK)控制收敛性。
- 利用预解恒等式和柯西-施瓦茨不等式,推导出涉及预解算子的内积的显式误差界。
- 在O(NK²)次操作内计算误差界,无需广义舒尔分解,从而支持对Nₖ的自适应优化。
- 开发ResDMD的核化变体,以处理高维状态空间,如20,046维的蛋白质动力学和295,122维的湍流流动。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1我们能否从轨迹数据中以严格的收敛保证和误差控制计算Koopman算子的谱性质?
- RQ2在一般动力系统中计算Koopman算子的谱和伪谱时,如何避免谱污染?
- RQ3我们能否使用数据驱动方法准确逼近具有连续谱的系统的谱测度?
- RQ4该算法在混沌系统中的收敛行为如何,特别是在计算连续谱密度时?
- RQ5该方法能否在保持误差界和计算可行性的同时扩展至高维系统?
主要发现
- ResDMD是首个无需谱污染即可计算一般Koopman算子谱和伪谱的数据驱动方法。
- 即使在混沌系统中,该算法在计算连续谱密度和离散谱时也实现了高阶收敛。
- 推导出显式误差界,且可在O(NK²)次操作内计算,从而实现对谱量和Koopman模态分解的后验验证。
- 该方法可计算如帐篷映射、圆周旋转、高斯迭代映射、非线性摆、双摆和Lorenz系统等系统的谱测度。
- 核化ResDMD可对雷诺数大于10⁵的机翼后湍流流动计算非线性Koopman模态,并提供误差界,其状态空间维数达295,122。
- 对于20,046维的蛋白质分子,核化算法可实现关联谱测度的严格误差控制计算。
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