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[论文解读] Robust and Verifiable Proportionality Axioms for Multiwinner Voting

Markus Brill, Jannik Peters|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 3, 2023
Game Theory and Voting Systems被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了适用于多赢投票的鲁棒且可验证的比例性公理,扩展了现有的标准(如EJR和PSC),使其不仅适用于完全一致或凝聚的群体,也适用于近乎一致或凝聚的群体。作者提出了适用于批准制投票的EJR+,以及适用于排序偏好排名的rank-EJR+,两者均可在多项式时间内始终满足且可验证,相较于以往的公理提供了更强且更现实的保障。

ABSTRACT

When selecting a subset of candidates (a so-called committee) based on the preferences of voters, proportional representation is often a major desideratum. When going beyond simplistic models such as party-list or district-based elections, it is surprisingly challenging to capture proportionality formally. As a consequence, the literature has produced numerous competing criteria of when a selected committee qualifies as proportional. Two of the most prominent notions are Dummett's proportionality for solid coalitions (PSC) and Aziz et al.'s extended justified representation (EJR). Both guarantee proportional representation to groups of voters who have very similar preferences; such groups are referred to as solid coalitions by Dummett and as cohesive groups by Aziz et al. However, these notions lose their bite when groups are only almost solid or almost cohesive. In this paper, we propose proportionality axioms that are more robust: they guarantee representation also to groups that do not qualify as solid or cohesive. Further, our novel axioms can be easily verified: Given a committee, we can check in polynomial time whether it satisfies the axiom or not. This is in contrast to many established notions like EJR, for which the corresponding verification problem is known to be intractable. In the setting with approval preferences, we propose a robust and verifiable variant of EJR and a simply greedy procedure to compute committees satisfying it. In the setting with ranked preferences, we propose a robust variant PSC, which can be efficiently verified even for general weak preferences. In the special case of strict preferences, our notion is the first known satisfiable proportionality axiom that is violated by the Single Transferable Vote (STV). We also discuss implications of our results for participatory budgeting, querying procedures, and to the notion of proportionality degree.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决现有比例性公理(如EJR和PSC)的局限性,这些公理仅适用于完全凝聚或一致的选民群体,对近乎一致的偏好则失效。
  • 开发对偏好偏离具有鲁棒性的比例性公理,确保在偏好几乎但不完全统一的群体中也能实现代表权。
  • 确保新公理的满足性可被多项式时间验证,而EJR的验证则被证明是计算上困难的。
  • 证明满足新公理的委员会始终存在,并可通过贪心或基于价格的算法高效计算。
  • 将框架扩展至参与式预算和排序偏好,展示其更广泛的应用性与计算优势。

提出的方法

  • 提出EJR+作为EJR在批准制多赢投票中的鲁棒且可验证的变体,确保不仅对完全凝聚的群体,也对接近凝聚的群体提供代表权。
  • 在批准制设定中引入“价格能力”概念,并将其扩展以支持EJR+委员会的高效计算与验证。
  • 设计一种贪心算法,可高效计算满足EJR+的委员会,并在近似度与委员会规模方面提供理论保证。
  • 将Dummett的PSC推广至排序偏好,定义rank-EJR+,确保对在偏好上近乎一致的群体提供代表权。
  • 将价格能力的概念扩展至排序偏好,证明rank-EJR+委员会始终存在,并可在多项式时间内计算。
  • 证明rank-EJR+是首个已知的、会被STV违反的可满足比例性公理,凸显其独特性与更强的公平性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1比例性公理能否被强化,以适用于并非完全凝聚或一致,但仅近乎如此的群体?
  • RQ2是否可能定义既对偏好偏差具有鲁棒性,又能高效验证的比例性公理?
  • RQ3能否构建新公理,以保证满足委员会的存在性,并在批准制与排序偏好设定下实现高效计算?
  • RQ4在随机实例中,新公理与现有公理(如EJR和PJR)相比,其区分能力如何?
  • RQ5该框架能否扩展至参与式预算及其他具有通用效用函数的场景?

主要发现

  • 在随机生成的基于批准制的选举中,EJR+比EJR及其他现有公理更具区分性,因为它对近乎凝聚群体施加了更严格的公平性要求。
  • EJR+的验证问题可在多项式时间内求解,而EJR则被证明是计算上困难的。
  • EJR+的贪心算法以高概率生成大小至多为k的委员会,并以概率1−δ满足EJR+。
  • 该贪心算法所需的期望查询次数为O(mk⁴ log(m) log(k)),使其适用于大规模应用。
  • rank-EJR+是首个已知的、会被STV违反的、适用于排序偏好的可满足比例性公理,凸显其独特且更强的公平属性。
  • 作者证明了rank-EJR+委员会始终存在,并可通过排序设定下扩展的价格能力概念高效计算。

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