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[论文解读] RollBack: A New Time-Agnostic Replay Attack Against the Automotive Remote Keyless Entry Systems

Levente Csikor, Hoon Wei Lim|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 14, 2022
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)参考文献 16被引用 4
一句话总结

RollBack 是一种新型的、与时间无关的重放攻击,通过重放之前捕获的信号,利用汽车远程无钥匙进入(RKE)系统中的回滚式机制,实现无需干扰的重复非法访问。与 RollJam 不同,它仅需捕获一次信号,且可无限期有效,约 70% 的测试车辆——尤其是亚洲品牌——被发现存在漏洞。

ABSTRACT

Today's RKE systems implement disposable rolling codes, making every key fob button press unique, effectively preventing simple replay attacks. However, a prior attack called RollJam was proven to break all rolling code-based systems in general. By a careful sequence of signal jamming, capturing, and replaying, an attacker can become aware of the subsequent valid unlock signal that has not been used yet. RollJam, however, requires continuous deployment indefinitely until it is exploited. Otherwise, the captured signals become invalid if the key fob is used again without RollJam in place. We introduce RollBack, a new replay-and-resynchronize attack against most of today's RKE systems. In particular, we show that even though the one-time code becomes invalid in rolling code systems, replaying a few previously captured signals consecutively can trigger a rollback-like mechanism in the RKE system. Put differently, the rolling codes become resynchronized back to a previous code used in the past from where all subsequent yet already used signals work again. Moreover, the victim can still use the key fob without noticing any difference before and after the attack. Unlike RollJam, RollBack does not necessitate jamming at all. Furthermore, it requires signal capturing only once and can be exploited at any time in the future as many times as desired. This time-agnostic property is particularly attractive to attackers, especially in car-sharing/renting scenarios where accessing the key fob is straightforward. However, while RollJam defeats virtually any rolling code-based system, vehicles might have additional anti-theft measures against malfunctioning key fobs, hence against RollBack. Our ongoing analysis (covering Asian vehicle manufacturers for the time being) against different vehicle makes and models has revealed that ~70% of them are vulnerable to RollBack.

研究动机与目标

  • 识别并利用滚动码 RKE 系统中此前未知的重新同步漏洞,实现在首次信号捕获后进行重放攻击。
  • 证明重放少数先前捕获的信号可触发 RKE 系统中的重新同步机制,使系统恢复到过去的码状态。
  • 表明该攻击与时间无关,无需持续干扰,因此在汽车共享和租赁场景中极具实用性。
  • 通过分析广泛范围的车型,特别是亚洲制造商的车型,评估其在现实世界中的影响。
  • 为车主和制造商提供可操作的缓解措施,并建立众包漏洞数据库。

提出的方法

  • 在先前互动中(即使超出范围)从钥匙遥控器捕获单个 RKE 信号(例如解锁或锁定命令)。
  • 按顺序多次重放捕获的信号,以触发车辆 RKE 接收器中的重新同步机制。
  • 利用安全功能——允许接受未来码——但将其重新用于接受已使用过的、现已被作废的码。
  • 证明该攻击与指令无关:无论捕获的信号是用于解锁还是锁定,均可触发回滚效果,提升其实用性。
  • 在真实世界条件下,通过受控的信号重放,在多个品牌和型号的车辆上验证该攻击,重点关注亚洲制造商。
  • 提出基于时间戳的密码学解决方案作为缓解措施,要求时钟同步和数字签名以防止重放。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否可以在不需持续干扰或实时信号捕获的情况下,对基于滚动码的 RKE 系统发动重放攻击?
  • RQ2重放先前捕获的信号是否会触发 RKE 系统中的重新同步机制,从而允许重复使用已被作废的码?
  • RQ3该漏洞在不同品牌和型号的车辆中普遍存在到何种程度,特别是在汽车共享和租赁环境中?
  • RQ4该攻击能否实现与时间无关,使在首次信号捕获后长时间仍可重复利用?
  • RQ5在实际部署中,有哪些切实可行的缓解措施可防止此类重放与重新同步攻击?

主要发现

  • RollBack 通过多次重放单个捕获的信号,可实现对车辆的重复非法访问,无需干扰或实时访问。
  • 该攻击利用 RKE 系统中的重新同步机制,当按顺序重放已使用过的码时,可使系统回滚至先前状态。
  • 该漏洞影响约 70% 的测试车辆,主要来自亚洲制造商,但预计影响范围将遍及全球。
  • 该攻击与指令无关——任何捕获的信号(解锁或锁定)均可触发回滚效果,进一步提升其实用性。
  • 与 RollJam 不同,RollBack 无需持续部署;捕获的信号可无限期有效,使其特别适合在租赁或共享用车场景中长期利用。
  • 提出了一种基于时间戳的密码学缓解方案,但需要时钟同步,目前尚未广泛部署。

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