[论文解读] Scalable mm-Wave Liquid Crystal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces based on the Delay Line Architecture
论文设计、制造并测试基于延迟线架构的宽带60 GHz LC-RIS,元素从120扩展到750,分析波束控制、带宽、功耗和制造相关损耗。
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of broadband liquid crystal (LC) reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) operating around 60 GHz and scaling up to 750 radiating elements. The RISs employ a delay line architecture (DLA) that decouples the phase shifting and radiating layer, enabling wide bandwidth, continuous phase control exceeding 360°, and fast response times with a micrometer-thin LC layer of 4.6 micrometer. Two prototypes with 120 and 750 elements are realized using identical unit cells and column-wise biasing. Measurements demonstrate beam steering over +-60° and -3 dB bandwidths exceeding 9% for both apertures, confirming the scalability of the proposed architecture. On top of a measured nanowatt power consumption per unit cell, aperture efficiencies above 20% are predicted by simulations. While the measured efficiencies are reduced to 9.2% and 2.6%, a detailed analysis verifies that this reduction can be attributed to technological challenges in a laboratory environment. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between the applied DLA-based LC-RIS and a conventional approach highlights the superior potential of applied architecture.
研究动机与目标
- 通过解决半导体调谐的功耗、带宽和可扩展性限制,推动毫米波/6G 大尺度RIS的应用。
- 提出并验证LC-RIS的延迟线架构(DLA),以解耦相位 shifting与辐射元件,从而实现宽带和连续360°相位控制。
- 演示近60 GHz工作条件下的120与750元素LC-RIS原型的制造、测量与性能表征。
- 评估孔径效率、功耗和响应时间,以评估DLA方法的实用性和可扩展性。
提出的方法
- 使用带缺陷地层结构的倒置微带线路(DGS-IMSL)LC相位移器,LC层厚度仅4.6 μm 的微米级。
- 实现单位单元设计,采用三角形单元格网格与按列偏置以实现波束控制。
- 通过施加电压来调控LC介电常数以实现差动相移;在约60 GHz 的测试测量进行表征。
- 制造两种原型(120与750元素)以评估可扩展性与性能。
- 利用实测S参数和解析RCS公式定义并计算相对于理想导电金属板的孔径效率。
- 将DLA-LC-RIS与共振元件架构进行对比,突出带宽、相控制与损耗权衡。
![Figure 1: Exemplary outdoor scenario for a RIS [ 13 ] . The different colors in the RIS qualitatively indicate different reflected phase at the radiating elements. LoS: Line of sight. RIS: Reconfigurable intelligent surface.](https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2601.11307/assets/figures/Scenario_1.png)
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1延迟线架构是否能在保持低功耗的同时实现毫米波LC-RIS的宽带与连续相位控制?
- RQ2在60 GHz 下将孔径从120扩展到750元素时,LC-RIS概念的可扩展性如何?
- RQ3制造公差(LC厚度均匀性、层对中)对波束控制、带宽和孔径效率有何实际影响?
- RQ4基于DLA的LC-RIS 与传统共振架构在带宽、损耗和响应时间方面有何差异?
主要发现
- 两种原型(120 与750元素)均实现±60°的波束指向能力。
- 两种孔径的-3 dB带宽均超过9%,验证了架构的可扩展性。
- 每个LC-RIS单元在实测条件下约消耗21.5 nW,表明单元功耗低。
- 大型RIS的总响应时间约为250 ms,LC相位移器的开关时间分别约为15 ms和72 ms;实验制造公差被判定为导致较慢响应的主要原因。
- 测得孔径效率峰值分别为9.2%(小孔径)和2.6%(大孔径),但仿真预测更高的效率;降低归因于LC厚度非理想均匀性与基板/金属化错位。
- 仿真表明在材料损耗低、制造公差消除的理想条件下,孔径效率有望超过40%,凸显该架构的高潜力。
![Figure 2: Design and simulation results of the proposed LC - RIS [ 13 ] . a) Operation principle of the delay line architecture, the unit cell layout and the side view of the LC-RIS. b) Performance of the phase shifter in terms of losses (FoM) and compactness. The red dotted line indicates a compact](https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2601.11307/assets/figures/Simulation_new_1.png)
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